1、Designation: D 6932 04Standard Guide forMaterials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction CoursePlant Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6932; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specificationss
3、hould be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as aminimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and pavingmaterials.1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed asthe final wearing course for highways and airfields.1.3
4、The values given in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 29/C 29M Test Method for Unit Weight and Voids inAggregateC 88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC 127 Test Method for (Specific Gravi
5、ty) Density, RelativeDensity, and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 128 Test Method for (Specific Gravity) Density, RelativeDensity, and Absorption of Fine AggregateC 131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineC 136 Test
6、 Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC 1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content ofFine Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, SurfaceTexture, and Grading)D 75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 448 Classification for Sizes o
7、f Aggregate for Road andBridge ConstructionD 946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Ce-ment for Use in Pavement ConstructionD 1461 Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates inBituminous Paving MixturesD 2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils andFine AggregateD 2995 Prac
8、tice for Estimating Application Rate of Bitumi-nous DistributorsD 3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cementfor Use in Pavement ConstructionD 3515 Specification for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid BituminousPaving MixturesD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspec
9、ting Bituminous Paving MaterialsD 4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse AggregateD 5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage ofFractured Particles in Coarse AggregateD 5840 Specification for Type II Polymer Modified AsphaltCement for
10、 Use in Pavement ConstructionD 5841 Specification for Type III Polymer Modified As-phalt Cement for Use in Pavement ConstructionD 5892 Specification for Type IV Polymer Modified As-phalt Cement for Use in Pavement ConstructionD 5976 Specification for Type I Polymer Modified AsphaltCement for Use in
11、Pavement ConstructionD 6114 Specification for Asphalt of Rubber BinderD 6307 Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix As-phalt by Ignition MethodD 6373 Specification for Performance Graded AsphaltBinderD 6390 Test Method for Determination of Draindown Char-acteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtur
12、esD 7064 Practice for Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC)Mix Design2.2 Other References:TRB NCHRP Synthesis 284 Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course MixesNCAT Report No. 2001-01 Design, Construction and Per-formance of New Generation Open-Graded FrictionCoursesFAA-RD-73-1971This guide is
13、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.23 onPlant-Mix Bituminous Surfaces and Bases.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
14、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FAA-RD-74-383
15、. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 open-graded friction course (OGFC), nspecial typeof hot mix asphalt surface mixture used for reducing hydro-planing and potential for skidding, where the function of themixture is to provide a free-draining layer that permits surf
16、acewater to migrate laterally through the mixture to the edge of thepavement.3.1.1.1 DiscussionExample gradings can be found inAppendix X1.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers withthe design requirements and construction guidelines for pavingan Open-Graded F
17、riction Course (OGFC) surface layer. AnOGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance andwear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing anescape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load.The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fineaggregate particles and high a
18、ir void content to provide apassageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain awayfrom the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt andoverall asphalt content is important for better stripping resis-tance and durability and aging properties.NOTE 1OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tir
19、e-pavementinterface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence andseverity of reflective cracking.5. Types of Specification Information5.1 Contract documentation for bituminous OGFC typicallyincludes the following information:5.1.1 Type of asphalt (for example, asphalt cement, polymermodi
20、fied asphalt, asphalt rubber) and specification designation;5.1.2 Grade of asphalt;5.1.3 Quantity of asphalt required;5.1.4 Type of aggregate (for example, crushed stone,crushed gravel, crushed slag, gravel, slag) specification desig-nation;5.1.5 Aggregate quality requirements (for example, coarseag
21、gregate angularity, fine aggregate angularity, L.A. abrasion,soundness, water absorption, sand equivalent);5.1.6 Size or sizes of aggregate to be furnished;5.1.7 Quantity of additive, or anti-stripping agent, or both;5.1.8 Quantity of open-graded mix; and5.1.9 Special requirements.6. Aggregate6.1 Ag
22、gregate shall conform to Classification D 448 andSpecification D 3515, except where noted in this guide.6.2 SizeAggregate should be as close to one size as iseconomically practical, preferably in the range of12 in. to No.4 (12.5 to 4.75 mm), for OGFC with up to 1.0 in. (25 mm) incompacted thickness.
23、6.3 ShapeThe ideal shape is cubical or angular. Toachieve adequate angularity it is suggested that the coarseaggregate have at least 95 % one-fractured face and 90 %two-fractured face as measured by Test Method D 5821. Tohelp achieve a more cubical shape it is suggested that thecoarse aggregate maxi
24、mum amount of flat or elongated par-ticles as measured by Test Method D 4791 not exceed 10 %with a ratio of 5 to 1 in maximum dimension to minimumdimension. Rounded particles are not acceptable. The uncom-pacted void content (fine aggregate angularity-FAA) as mea-sured by Test Methods C 1252 should
25、be 40 % or greater.6.4 CleanlinessIt is important that the aggregate be clean.The sand equivalent value of the fine aggregate passing the No.8 (2.36 mm) sieve according to Test Method D 2419 should beat least 45 % or greater. It is recommended that the material tobe tested be separated on the No. 8
26、(2.36 mm) sieve because ofthe coarse grading of the aggregate. It is also very important toremove any coatings or fines adhering to the coarse material.7. Asphalt Binder7.1 Asphalt cement shall conform to Specifications D 946,D 3381, or D 6373.7.2 When modified asphalt is used, it shall conform toSp
27、ecifications D 5840, D 5841, D 5892, D 5976, or D 6373.7.3 When asphalt-rubber is used, it shall conform to Speci-fication D 6114.NOTE 2The asphalt type and grade to be used depends on the type ofconstruction, climatic conditions, amount and nature of traffic.8. Composition of Open-Graded Mixtures8.
28、1 The asphalt content shall be determined in accordancewith the owners selection method or Practice D 7064.8.2 The asphalt cement open-graded mixture will typicallyconsist of 93 to 95 % aggregate and 5 to 7 % asphalt by weightof total mixture.8.3 The modified asphalt open-graded mixture typicallycon
29、sists of 92 to 94 percent aggregate and 6 to 8 % modifiedasphalt by weight of total mixture.8.4 The asphalt-rubber open-graded mixture typically con-sists of 90 to 91.5 percent aggregate and 8.5 to 10 %asphalt-rubber by weight of total mixture.NOTE 3Due to the open-graded nature of the mixture it ma
30、y beadvisable to add 1 to 2 % cement or hydrated lime or a suitableanti-stripping agent to prevent stripping.NOTE 4The selected asphalt content should be checked by perform-ing a suitable asphalt draindown test such as Test Method D 6390.Draindown may be reduced by using cellulose or mineral fiber.
31、Typicallythe dosage is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 % by mixture mass as per the mixdesign procedure test results. Polymer modified asphalt or asphalt-rubbermixes may not require fiber additives to obtain good performance orcontrol draindown.9. Production and Placement9.1 Bituminous OGFC should not be
32、 placed during periodsof cold or wet weather, or both. The existing surface shall bewarm, clean, and dry while paving the OGFC.9.1.1 Typically the minimum air temperature should be60F (16C) in the shade and rising and the minimum surfacetemperature should be 70F (21C) in the shade and risingbefore s
33、tarting the operation. Open-graded mixtures placed 0.5in. (12.5 mm) to 1.0 in. (25 mm) in thickness will cool veryrapidly and thus a higher minimum air and surface temperatureD6932042may be advisable. Thus the specifying agency in setting theminimum air and surface temperature should consider theirn
34、ormal good paving practices and as a minimum the operationshould not be permitted when the temperature falls below suchnormal agency temperature thresholds.NOTE 5The specifying organization may want to consider setting ordesignating paving seasons to ensure optimal paving conditions.9.1.2 The operat
35、ion should not be carried out in the rain, orwhen rain is threatening.9.1.3 The open-graded mixture should be placed as the finalsurface course with its edges exposed to ensure free draining atthe edges. If it is placed in a curb and gutter section, it shouldbe placed above the gutter.9.1.4 The open
36、-graded mixture is not a structural pavementlayer and thus should not be expected to correct obviouspavement structural defects such as potholes or weak underly-ing pavement or foundation support. Some caution should beexercised in placing this mix on a surface that might bepermeable or a cracked su
37、rface that would allow water to enter.10. Method of Sampling and Testing10.1 Calibrate bituminous distributors for proper applica-tion rate for tack coat using Practice D 2995.10.2 Sample bituminous materials according to PracticeD 140 and test for conformance with the designated specifica-tion acco
38、rding to test methods indicated in that specification.10.3 Sample all aggregates according to Practice D 75. Testthe aggregate according to the test methods listed in 6.3 and6.4, according to the following test methods, as necessary.10.3.1 Bulk Density of AggregatesTest Method C 29/C 29M.10.3.2 Sulf
39、ate SoundnessTest Method C 88.10.3.3 Specific Gravity and AbsorptionTest MethodC 127 or C 128 as applicable.10.3.4 Resistance to DegradationTest Method C 131.10.3.5 Sieve AnalysisTest Method C 136.10.4 Samples of the open-graded mix should be taken at thediscretion of the engineer and tested for asp
40、halt binder contentusing Test Method D 6307 and/or moisture content using TestMethod D 1461 or by using methods as approved by theengineer.10.5 Cores should be taken at the discretion of the engineerto verify the thickness of the open-graded mix.11. Construction Procedure11.1 Patch potholes, fill cr
41、acks, and repair damaged areas inexisting pavements.11.2 The surface to be covered should be cleaned withrotary broom or other approved means.11.3 A tack coat should be applied to the paved surfacebefore placement of the open-graded friction course.NOTE 6For asphalt-rubber open-graded mixtures, the
42、tack coat istypically a paving grade liquid asphalt applied at the rate of 0.08 gal/yd2(0.4 L/m2).11.4 The temperature of the asphalt cement open-gradedmixture during compaction should be at least 200F (93C).11.5 The temperature of the modified asphalt cement open-graded mixture during compaction sh
43、ould be in the range of200 to 275F (93 to 135C).NOTE 7It is advised that the supplier of the modified asphalt binder beconsulted for the proper mixing and compaction temperature ranges to beused in the field.11.6 The temperature of the asphalt-rubber open-gradedmixture during compaction should be at
44、 least 275F (135C).11.7 Compact the OGFC by using self-propelled rollers,either steel wheel or pneumatic, in the none vibratory modefollowing immediately behind the laydown machine.NOTE 8For asphalt-rubber open-graded mixtures, only steel wheeledrollers should be used for compaction, due to the high
45、 probability forparticle pick-up by rubber-tired rollers.11.8 It may be advisable to place a test section to determinean adequate rolling pattern (typically 2 to 3 passes) and toensure adequate compaction.12. Keywords12.1 asphalt cement; asphalt rubber; modified asphalt ce-ment; open-graded friction
46、 courseD6932043APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. OGFC MIXTURE DESIGNSASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity o
47、f any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments a
48、re invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not re
49、ceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE X1.1 Summary of 9.5 mm Open-Graded Friction Course Mixture Desi
