1、Designation: D7005/D7005M 15Standard Test Method forDetermining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) ofGeocomposites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7005/D7005M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bondstrength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult
3、to measurewith current technology. The above is recognized and accepted,since all known methods of measurement include the forcerequired to bend the separated layers, in addition to thatrequired to separate them. However, useful information can beobtained when one realizes that the bending force is
4、includedand that direct comparison between different materials, or evenbetween the same materials of different thickness, cannot bemade. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plieswill be reflected in the bond strength measurement.1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for compar
5、-ing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. Thefocus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types ofdrainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Otherpossible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves,geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Vari
6、ousprocesses can make such laminates: adhesives, thermalbonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem sh
7、all be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
8、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 11.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines forTextilesD2905 Practice for Statements
9、 on Number of Specimens forTextiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5321/D5321M Test Method for Determining the ShearStrength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Inte
10、rfaces by Direct Shear3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosyntheticsair maintainedat a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of21 6 2C 70 6 4F.3.1.2 bond strength (ply adhesion)amount of force re-quired (per unit width) to separate plies of material or mate
11、rialsin peeling mode plus the force to bend the plies.3.1.3 geocompositea product composed of two or morematerials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.3.1.4 geomat/geospacerany three dimensional, polymericmaterial used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical engineeringrelated material as an int
12、egral part of a man-made project,structure, or system.3.1.5 geoneta geosynthetic consisting of integrally con-nected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at variousangles for planar drainage of liquids or gases.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics
13、 and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D700503(2008). DOI:10.1520/D7005_D7005M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AS
14、TM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM Intern
15、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.6 geosynthetica planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project structure, or
16、system.3.1.7 geotextilea permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles.3.1.8 index testa test procedure, which may contain aknown bias but may be used to establish an order for a set ofspecimens with respect to the property of interest.3.1.9 machine directionthe direction in the plane of thefab
17、ric parallel to the direction of manufacture.3.1.10 neckinglocalized reduction in cross section, whichmay occur in a material under tensile stress.3.2 For definitions of other terms refer to TerminologyD4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Initially the geotextile is separated from its associatedmateri
18、al with care. The separated plies of the test specimen areplaced into the grips of a tensile testing machine. The grips arethen separated and the force required to further separate theplies is defined as bond strength.NOTE 1The force to bend the separated plies is included in themeasured force.5. Si
19、gnificance and Use5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control orquality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control(MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocompositeproduct manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction qualityassurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certi
20、fication orinspection organizations.5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if theadhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to variousincubation media in durability or chemical resistance testing,or both.5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it shouldbe understood that th
21、is is an index test.NOTE 2There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of thistest to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materialsdetermined per Test Method D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationshipshave been established between the two properties.5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005
22、M for determining the bondstrength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptancetest of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution isadvised since information about between-laboratory precisionis incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 areadvisable.5.4.1 In the case of a di
23、spute arising from differences inreported test results when using the procedure in Test MethodD7005/D7005M for acceptance of commercial shipments, thepurchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the testswere conducted using comparable test parameters includingspecimen conditioning, grip fac
24、es, grip size, etc. Comparativetests should then be conducted to determine if there is astatistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statisticalassistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As aminimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-mens that are as homogeneo
25、us as possible and that are from alot of the material in question. The test specimens should berandomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The averageresults from the two laboratories should be compared to theStudents t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probabilitylevel chosen by the tw
26、o parties before the testing is begun. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected orthe purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future testresults in the light of the known bias. Refer to Practice D2905,Table 1.6. Apparatus6.1 GripsA gripping system that minimizes both sl
27、ippageand uneven stress distribution is required. Grips lined with thinrubber, crocus clothe or pressure sensitive tape, as well asfile-faced or serrated grips has been successfully used for manymaterials. Air-actuated grips have been found advantageous,particularly in the case of materials that ten
28、d to “neck” in thegrips, since pressure is maintained at all times. Grip faces shallmeasure not less than 50.8 mm 2.0 in. wide by no less than100 mm 4 in. long, with the longer dimension perpendicularto the direction of the applied load.6.2 Testing MachineA tensile testing machine with com-puter acq
29、uisition capabilities conforming to the requirementsfor Specification D76/D76M.6.3 Specimen CutterA die 101.6 6 2mm46 0.08 in.wide by at least 200 mm 8 in. long.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 Sampling must be performed in a manner that willprovide the desired information. No single p
30、rocedure can begiven for all situations. Therefore, Practice D4354 should beused as a guide in planning sampling procedures.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor sampling, disregard the firstmeter 3 ft and the last meter 3 ft of material from the sampleroll. Consider the units in the laboratory sample. For thela
31、boratory sample, take a swatch at a minimum of 30 cm 1 ftin the machine direction by the roll width.7.3 Test SpecimensTake no specimen nearer the selvedgeor edge of the sample than120 of the width of the roll, or150 mm 6 in., whichever is larger, from the bonded material.Cut strips 101.6 6 2mm46 0.0
32、8 in. wide and at least200 mm 8 in. long, parallel to the direction under test. Forgeocomposites consisting of geotextiles bonded to both sidesof the geonet, mark the specimens to differentiate between thetwo sides, typically referred to as “Side A” and “Side B.” It isimportant that the test specime
33、ns are precision cut with clean,uniform edges so as not to affect the test results.7.4 Test UnitTest five specimens distributed evenly fromacross the width of each laboratory sample in the longitudinal(machine) direction only. It may be desirable to test specimensin the transverse (cross-machine) di
34、rection for special pur-poses.NOTE 3Depending on the application of the geocomposite, transverse(cross-machine) direction specimens can be tested at the clients request,but they are not a requirement.D7005/D7005M 1528. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Equip the tensile testing machine according to manufa
35、c-turers instructions for Tensile Testing Machine- a constant rateof extension (CRE) type conforming to the requirements ofSpecification D76/D76M.8.2 Set the machine speed at 305 6 10 mm/min 12 6 0.5in./min.8.3 Readings of force and time shall be taken at a minimumrate of 20 readings per second.8.4
36、If necessary, also set the computer to acquire thereadings from 25-mm 1-in. of separation to 100-mm 4-in. ofseparation. The average force recorded will be used to deter-mine the bond strength. These intervals are defined in typicalsoftware programs in terms of crosshead extension, whichwould be 50-m
37、m 2-in to 200-mm 8-in of extension.9. Conditioning9.1 Specimen Conditioning:9.1.1 Condition the test specimens at a temperature of21 6 2C 70 6 4F for not less than 30 min prior to testing.9.1.2 Accelerated testing conditions for “wet” materialsmay be accomplished by placing the test specimens in wat
38、erfor 15 min, at a water temperature of 21 6 2C 70 6 4F.10. Test Conditions10.1 Conduct tests in the standard laboratory atmosphere.11. Procedure11.1 Initiate separation of the plies of the test specimensmanually.11.1.1 Using a utility knife or, some other suitable separa-tion device which does not
39、compromise either laminate, initiatethe separation of the laminated geocomposite at the interface ofinterest (that is, sideAor side B, or both).Apair of wide-mouthpliers may hasten this activity and add an element of safety.Pre-separate the laminated layers a maximum of 50 mm 2 in.prior to testing.1
40、1.2 Clamp the separated ends of the test specimen in thegrips on the tensile testing machine using an initial gripseparation of approximately 50 mm 2 in. Make certain theends are aligned with each grip as it is clamped.11.3 The unseparated portion of each test specimen shall beleft loose to move aro
41、und freely.11.4 Bend the rigid ply containing the geonet or other rigidcomponent by hand to approximately a 45 angle to the axis ofthe grips.11.5 Activate the tensile testing machine and record theaverage force in N lbf to separate the test specimen from25-mm 1-in. of separation to 100-mm 4-in. of s
42、eparation at300 6 10 mm/min 12 6 0.5 in./min.11.5.1 Observe the test in progress. If necessary, manuallyintercept the rigid component so it does not contact the loadcell or fixed grip. This must be accomplished without interfer-ing with the measured force.NOTE 4100-mm 4-in. of separation will requir
43、e at least 200-mm8-in. of crosshead movement.11.6 Repeat steps 11.1 through 11.5 for side “B,” if re-quired.11.7 Repeat steps 11.1 through 11.6 for each test specimenin the test unit.12. Calculation of Results12.1 Calculate the bond strength (ply adhesion) for eachspecimen and each side tested (if a
44、pplicable) as follows. Thereporting units shall be N/m lbf/in.:BS 5 BF/W (1)where:BS = bond strength (ply adhesion), that is, the testdetermination,BF = bond force, the average force in N lbf recorded from25-mm 1-in. of separation to 100-mm 4-in. ofseparation, andW = width of specimen in meters in.1
45、3. Report13.1 The report shall include the following:13.1.1 Reference the Test Method D7005/D7005M.13.1.2 Project, type of geosynthetic(s) tested, productsample identification, and if applicable, specific side of mate-rial tested.13.1.3 Complete sample identification.13.1.4 The individual bond stren
46、gth values for each speci-men and each side tested when applicable, the average (the testresult) and standard deviation of the five test determinations foreach direction and each side tested.13.1.5 Name and model number of tensile machine used.Include unit number if more than one of the same modelnu
47、mbers.13.1.6 Statement when “wet” conditioning was used.13.1.7 A statement of any departures from suggested testingprocedure so the results can be evaluated and used. Add thesuffix “(Mod.*)” to the test method reference, if there were anymodifications made to the test method, noting the modifica-tio
48、ns.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionThe interlaboratory testing program to de-termine the precision of this standard was in progress.14.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the values of bond strength can only be defined interms of a test method.15. Keywords15.1 bond strengt
49、h; geocomposite; laminates; ply adhesionstrengthD7005/D7005M 153ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
