1、Designation: D7008 08 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Specification forGeosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for reusableand nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs)used on the work
3、ing face of municipal solid waste landfills(MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range ofproducts including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unrein-forced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coatedgeotextile, and uncoated geotextile.1.2 This standard addresses the base ADC materials
4、 anddoes not address grommets, straps, or other fabricated parts.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
5、lish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
6、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance
7、 (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD4355/D4355M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotex-tiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a XenonArc-Type ApparatusD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4533/D4533M Test Method for Trapezoid TearingStrength of GeotextilesD4632/D4632M Test Method fo
8、r Grab Breaking Load andElongation of GeotextilesD4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistanceof Geomembranes and Related ProductsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterials2.2 Other Standards:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 701 StandardMethods of Fire Tests f
9、or Flame Propagation of TextilesGeosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) SpecificationGM11 Accelerated Weathering of Geomembranes using aFluorescent UVA-Condensation Exposure Device3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms related togeosynthetics, refer to Terminology D4439.3.2 Definitions
10、of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alternate daily cover, nan alternative to the tradi-tional 15-cm (6-in.) soil cover required by the USEPA forlandfill working faces to “control disease vectors, fires, odors,blowing liter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat tohuman health and the env
11、ironment.”3.2.2 fire retardant, adjin geosynthetic ADCs, meeting therequirements of NFPA701, Method 1, Standard Method of FireTests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.3.2.3 nonreusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or filmintended to be placed once and then disposed of, discarded, orleft i
12、n place.3.2.4 reusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or membranematerial intended to be retrieved and installed more than onceto perform the cover function.3.2.5 working face, nthe area of a landfill in which wasteis actively being deposited.4. Classification of Geosynthetic ADCs4.1 NonreusableNonr
13、eusable geosynthetic ADCs consistof disposable films or geotextiles, intended to be left in placewithout retrieval. Special equipment exists to facilitate theplacement and anchoring of these materials to cover theworking face of landfills. The cover may contain pro-degradant1This specification is un
14、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.06 on Geosyn-thetic Specifications.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7008 08 (2013).DOI: 10
15、.1520/D7008-08R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
16、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendati
17、ons issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1additives to accelerate degradation within the waste to allowthe free flow of fluids and gases within the waste mass. Threeclasses of nonreusable ADCs are specified based on tensile,tear, and puncture properties
18、(see Table 1).4.2 ReusableReusable geosynthetic ADCs consist of vari-ous types of fabric or plastic membranes that have either beendeveloped or adapted for use as a daily cover material. Panelsfabricated from these materials are placed over the workingface at the end of the day, and retrieved prior
19、to the start of thenext operating day. Special mechanized equipment can be usedto facilitate the placement and retrieval of panels. Three classesof reusable ADCs are specified based on tensile, tear, andpuncture properties (see Table 2).4.3 Fire RetardantMeets the requirements of 6.4.4.4 UV Resistan
20、tMeets the requirements of 6.5.5. Physical Properties5.1 GeneralIn order to gain the approval of regulatoryagencies, ADCs must be demonstrated to be equivalent to soildaily cover with respect to controlling odor, blowing litter,disease vectors, scavengers, and fire. ReusableADCs must alsohave the st
21、rength and durability to withstand multiple uses fora duration of one year. If nonreusable ADCs are left in placeafter use, they must degrade in a reasonable amount of time toallow the passage of liquid to the leachate collection system, orthey must be physically perforated prior to burial.6. Requir
22、ements and Test Methods6.1 Odor control performance of a geosynthetic ADC de-pends on two factors, permeability of the ADC to gases andoutside air movement under the ADC and back out from underthe ADC at the edges of the product or through holes in theADC.6.1.1 Permeability of the ADC to water vapor
23、 must be nomore than 6.0 E 106g/sm2Pa (100 perms) when testedaccording to Test Methods E96/E96M, Method B.6.1.2 Air flow and odor flow out from under the ADCshould be evaluated at a test site. Evaluation can be byassessment of odor by experienced personnel and/or by obser-vation of insect and scaven
24、ger attraction to the site. Perfor-mance is compared to a traditional soil daily cover byobservation.6.2 Blowing litter and disease vector control are evaluatedrelative to traditional soil daily cover by observation at a testsite.6.3 Scavenging is controlled by security procedures andother operating
25、 practices more than by the ADC. The ADCcontributes to scavenger control by litter control, odor control,and, to some extent, through durability, resisting penetration byscavengers. Scavenging control is evaluated by assessment ofthe other properties and by observation and comparison to soilcover.6.
26、4 Geosynthetic ADCs may be rated as “fire retardant.” Tobe rated as fire retardant, the ADC must pass NFPA 701,Method 1. The requirements are: flame out 2 s; averageweight loss 40 %; no mass loss individual specimen deviatingby more than three standard deviations from the mean.6.5 UV resistance is r
27、equired for reusable ADCs that areintended to be used for a long period of time and stored withexposure to sunlight. An ADC is designated as UV resistantwhen a loss of no more than 50 % of tensile strength occurswhen the ADC is exposed to UV, according to GRI Specifica-tion GM11 for a total of 1000
28、h, or Test Method D4355/D4355M for a total of 500 h. Tensile properties of theunexposed and exposed ADC are determined according to theappropriate tensile test method for that material (see Tables 1and 2).6.6 Nonreusable ADCs are divided into three classes basedon tensile, tear, and puncture strengt
29、h (see Table 1). Theappropriate test method for the materials are listed in the table.In order to be categorized under a specific class, an ADC mustmeet all three properties. For breaking factor and tearresistance, the properties must be met in both machine andtransverse directions. All values are m
30、inimum average rollvalues (MARV).6.7 Reusable ADCs are divided into three classes based ontensile, tear, and puncture strength (see Table 2). The appro-priate test methods for the materials are listed in the table. Inorder to meet the requirements of a class, an ADC must meetall three properties. Fo
31、r grab tensile and tear resistance, theproperties must be met in both machine and transverse direc-tions. All values are minimum average roll values (MARV).7. Sampling7.1 Laboratory SampleFor laboratory testing, refer to theindividual test standard for appropriate sample collection.7.2 Field SampleF
32、or field evaluation, material represen-tative of the product shall be made available for site installationand evaluation. It is important that installation and anchoringprocedures be representative of normal commercial use.8. Keywords8.1 alternate daily cover; landfillTABLE 1 Classes for Nonreusable
33、 ADCsProperty Test Method UnitsClass1NClass2NClass3NBreaking Factor ASTM D882 N/m (lb/in.) 93 (21) 62 (14) 31 (7)Tear Resistance ASTM D1004 N (lb) 18 (4) 13 (3) 9 (2)PunctureStrengthASTMD4833/D4833MN (lb) 62 (14) 44 (10) 27 (6)TABLE 2 Classes for Reusable ADCsPropertyTestMethodUnits Class 1R Class 2
34、R Class 3RGrabStrengthASTMD4632/D4632MN (lb) 1400 (320) 900 (200) 500 (110)Trapezoi-dal TearASTMD4533/D4533MN (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72) 180 (40)PunctureResistanceASTMD4833/D4833MN (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72) 180 (40)D7008 08 (2018)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
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