1、Designation: D 7014 04Standard Practice forAssembly and Placement of Double-Twisted Wire MeshGabions and Revet Mattresses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers standard practice for assembly,placement and filling of double-twisted wire mesh
3、 gabions andrevet mattresses used for various erosion control, soil retentionor freestanding structures. The product size, type and align-ment must be determined by the user. Gabions and RevetMattresses shall be installed in accordance with project plansand specifications when available.1.2 This sta
4、ndard is expressed in SI (metric) units.American(inch-pound) units are provided in parenthesis for informationpurposes.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. I
5、t is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 975 Specification for Double-Twisted Hexagonal MeshGabions and Revet Mattresse
6、s (Metallic-Coated Steel Wireor Metallic-Coated Steel Wire With Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) Coating)D 6711 Practice For Specifying Rock to Fill Gabions, RevetMattresses, and Gabions Mattresses2.2 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO M288 Geotextile Specification for Highway Ap-plication33. Terminology3.1 Definitions
7、of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 gabion, na wire mesh container of variable sizes,uniformly partitioned into internal cells, interconnected withother similar units, and filled with stone at the project site toform flexible, permeable, monolithic structures such as retain-ing walls, sea walls
8、, channel linings, revetments and weirs forerosion control projects.3.1.2 revet mattress, na double-twisted wire mesh con-tainer uniformly partitioned into internal cells with relativelysmall height in relation to other dimensions, having smallermesh openings than the mesh used for gabions: revet ma
9、t-tresses are generally used for river bank protection and channellinings.3.1.3 double-twisted wire mesh, na non raveling meshmade by twisting continuous pairs of wires through three onehalf (12) turns (commonly called double-twisted) which arethen interconnected to adjacent wires to form hexagonal-
10、shaped openings.3.1.4 selvedge wire, na terminal wire used to edge thewire mesh perpendicular to the double twist by mechanicallywrapping the mesh wires around it at least 2.5 times or byinserting it through the twists and folding one mesh length.3.1.5 edge wire, na terminal wire used to edge the wi
11、remesh parallel to the double twist by continuously weaving itinto the wire mesh.3.1.6 lacing wire, nfor gabions and revet mattresses,ametallic coated steel wire or metallic coated steel wire withPVC coating used to assemble and interconnect empty units, toclose and secure stone filled units and for
12、 internal stiffeners.3.1.7 fastener, nan alternate connector to lacing wire,used for binding operations for gabions and revet mattresses.3.1.8 stiffener, nfor gabions, a length of metallic coatedsteel wire or metallic coated steel wire with PVC coating usedfor support of facing by connecting the fro
13、nt panel to the backpanel of a gabion (stiffener formed at the project site using wirehaving the same diameter as for the lacing wire) or across thecorners of a gabion cell (pre-formed stiffener as specified inSpecification A 975).4. Significance and Use4.1 Gabions and Revet Mattresses, as described
14、 in Specifi-cation A 975, are used to achieve soil stability and prevent soilerosion and are also used as retaining wall structures to resist1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion andSediment C
15、ontrol Technology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
16、 onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.movements due to
17、gravity. Their ability to function properlydepends on correct design and installation. This standardpractice describes the proper installation of gabions and revetmattresses to ensure the products function as intended by themanufacturers.4.2 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingo
18、ne or more specific operations and does not replace profes-sional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all situations. This ASTM standard is not in-tended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norsh
19、ould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects.5. Material Delivery5.1 Gabions and revet mattresses are manufactured with allcomponents mechanically connected at the production facilitywith the exception of the mattress lid, which is producedseparately from the
20、base, as per Specification A 975. Allgabions and revet mattresses are supplied in the collapsedform, either folded and bundled or rolled, for shipping. Thebundles are banded together at the factory for shipping andhandling. Revet mattress bases and lids may be packed inseparate bundles. Lacing wire
21、is shipped in coils having adiameter approximately 0.60 m (2 ft). Fasteners are shipped inboxes. Preformed stiffeners are shipped in bundles.5.2 All gabions and revet mattresses shall be labeled toshow their dimensions, the number of pieces, and the manu-facturers color code if applicable.6. Assembl
22、y6.1 GabionsThe folded units shall be taken out from thebundle and placed on a hard, flat surface. Gabions shall beopened, unfolded and pressed out to their original shape (Fig.1). Front, back and end panels shall be lifted to a verticalposition to form an open box shape (Fig. 2). Panels shall befas
23、tened together with the projecting heavier gauge selvedgewire by firmly wrapping the selvedge wire around the selvedgeor edge wire of the intersecting panel or the back panel (Fig. 3).Inner diaphragm panels shall be lifted into a vertical positionand secured in the same manner. All edges of the diap
24、hragmsand end panels shall be tied or fastened to the front and backof the gabion as specified in Section 7.6.2 Revet MattressesThe folded units shall be taken outfrom the bundle and placed on a hard, flat surface. Revetmattresses shall be opened, unfolded and pressed out to theiroriginal shape. Fro
25、nt, back and end panels shall be lifted to avertical position to form an open box shape (Fig. 4). End flapsshall be folded and/or overlapped, as appropriate. All edges ofthe diaphragms and end panels shall be tied or fastened to thefront and back of the mattress, as specified in Section 7.7. Fasteni
26、ng Procedure7.1 All gabions and revet mattresses must be fastened asspecified in 7.2 and 7.3 at each step of construction. Initialassembly, tying of adjacent units along the contacting edges,tying of the lid to sides, tying of lid to top of diaphragms, andre-tying of cut gabions or revet mattresses.
27、7.2 When using tie wire, cut a piece of wire approximately1.5 times the length of the edge to be tied. The maximumlength of the edge to be tied at one time shall not exceed 1 m(or 3 ft). Longer edges shall be joined by several lengths ofwire. Tie wires shall be secured around the selvedge wire orhea
28、vier edge wire, where present, by looping and twisting thelacing wire around itself. Proceed tying with alternate doubleand single loops. Double loops shall be made at intervals notFIG. 1 AssemblyGabionsD7014042greater than 0.10 m to 0.15 m (4 in to 6 in) (Fig. 5). The basketpieces should be pulled
29、tightly together during the tyingoperation. The other end of the tie wire shall be secured againby looping and twisting the wire around itself. When using tiewire to assemble the units, pliers may be used to create tightjoints. Care should be taken to avoid damaging the wirecoating. Minimum requirem
30、ents for panel to panel jointstrength using tie wire shall be as specified in SpecificationA 975.7.3 When steel wire ring fasteners are used, the use of eithera mechanical or a pneumatic fastening tool is required. Ringsshall be installed at the top and the bottom connections of theend and center di
31、aphragms and then a maximum nominalspacing of 0.15 m (6 in.) along all edges shall be used (Fig. 5).Ring fasteners can be galvanized, stainless steel or Zinc-5 %aluminum-mischmetal alloy coated, depending on the type ofwire specified in A 975, section 6.3. Minimum requirementsfor the panel to panel
32、joint strength using ring fasteners, as wellFIG. 2 AssemblyGabionsFIG. 3 AssemblyGabionsSelvedge Connection End and Front Panel to Back PanelD7014043as the mechanical and physical characteristics of the ringfasteners shall be as specified in Specification A 975, section7.2.8. Foundation Preparation8
33、.1 The foundation on which the gabions are to be placedshall be level, and graded to the elevations as shown on theproject construction drawings. The foundation for gabions andrevet mattress shall be level, smooth, and free of surfaceirregularities, loose material, and vegetation. Appropriate mea-su
34、res shall be taken for filtering and drainage of the foundation,(geotextile or graded aggregate filters, drain pipes, etc.).Geotextiles required to be installed behind or underneathgabion or revet mattress structures shall comply with therequirements in AASHTO M288 for subsurface drainage ap-plicati
35、ons.FIG. 4 AssemblyRevet MattressesFIG. 5 Fastening ProcedureConnection Using Lacing Wire or Ring FastenersD70140449. Installation and Filling9.1 GabionsAfter the foundation has been prepared, thepre-assembled gabions shall be placed in position empty, andshall be tied or fastened to adjacent gabion
36、s along all contain-ing edges in order to form a continuously connected, mono-lithic structural unit. All connections shall be in accordancewith Section 7. Gabions shall be placed front to front and backto back in order to expedite the stone filling and lid lacingoperations (Fig. 6). Rock sizes shal
37、l be in accordance withPractice D 6711. Rocks shall be placed in 0.30 m (1 ft) lifts for0.91 m (3 ft) or 1 m high gabions, and 0.23 m (9 in) lifts for0.46 m (1.5 ft) or 0.50 m high gabions. The fill layer shall neverbe more than 0.30 m (1 ft) higher than any adjoining cell (Fig.7). Care shall be tak
38、en when placing the stone to ensure that thePVC coating on gabions is not damaged. After a layer of rockhas been placed in the cell, sufficient hand manipulation of therock shall be performed to minimize voids and achieve amaximum density of rock in the gabion. The rock in exposedvertical faces shal
39、l be hand placed to reduce voids on the outerface. Stiffeners or internal cross ties shall be installed asindicated (Figs. 8 and 9), connecting the front and back facesof any supported or exposed face at the vertical third points fora gabion 0.91 m (3 ft) or 1 m high, as the cell is being filled.Gab
40、ion units installed at the wall ends, having two exposedsides, shall also include a set of cross ties installed perpendicu-larly to the lateral exposed face. For 0.3 m (1 ft) or 0.46 m (1.5ft) high baskets when used as revetment, stiffeners or internalcrossties are not required. When more than one v
41、ertical layer ofgabions is installed, units shall be overfilled to approximately0.025 m (1 in) to 0.04 m (1.5 in) to allow for natural settlement.The top surface shall be smoothly leveled, minimizing voids.Ensure that diaphragm tops are accessible for connecting.9.2 Revet MattressesThe pre-assembled
42、 revet mattressesshall be placed in position empty and shall be tied or fastenedto adjacent revet mattresses along all contacting edges in orderto form a continuously connected monolithic structural unit.On slopes, the mattress shall be laid with the width perpen-dicular to the slope, except for ver
43、y small channels. Mattressesshall be placed and securely attached while empty. All connec-tions shall be in accordance with Section 7. Where mattressesare to be placed on steep slopes (1.5 Horizontal to 1 Vertical orsteeper), the unit may be secured by anchoring systems(hardwood pegs, galvanized pip
44、es, steel bars, etc.) driven intothe ground just below the upper end panel. Diameter, locationand the length of the anchoring system shall be established bythe engineer based on the slope, mesh opening and strength,mattress height or as specified in the project specifications.Rock sizes shall be in
45、accordance with Practice D 6711.Mattresses can be filled by any suitable appropriate sizemachine, such as a backhoe, crane, etc. Care shall be takenwhen placing the stone to ensure that the PVC coating onmattresses is not damaged. Sufficient hand manipulation of therock shall be performed to minimiz
46、e voids and result in amaximum density of rock in the mattress. Filling shall be doneunit by unit, but several units shall be ready for filling at anyone time. Ensure that the diaphragm tops are accessible forwiring. Securely attach the lids to the ends of the mattressesand then securely attach them
47、 to the sides and diaphragms,using alternate double and single loops, or steel wire ringfasteners. Adjacent lids can be securely attached in oneoperation. In cases where a number of adjacent bases are to becovered simultaneously, rolls of mesh can be used in place ofunit size lids.9.3 Non-rectangula
48、r Shapes and Special AdaptationWhere a complete gabion or revet mattress cannot be installedbecause of space limitations, the basket unit shall be cut ,folded or overlapped, and securely connected as specified inSection 7 to suit existing site conditions. Gabion and revetmattresses can conform to be
49、nds up to a radius of 18 m to 21m (60 ft to 70 ft) without alterations. The units shall be securelyFIG. 6 Installation and FillingGabionsD7014045connected as specified in Section 7, and shall be placed to therequired curvature for filling. Gabions may be cut to formcurves or bevels. All modified gabions shall form a closed cellwhen completed. Excess mesh wire shall be cut off or tightlyand neatly tied down. Care shall be taken that all projectingwires are turned inward or cut off.10. Closing10.1 GabionsAfter the rock has been leveled and voidshave been minimiz
