1、Designation: D 7015 04Standard Practices forObtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical)Samples of Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7015; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This designation outlines the procedures for obtainingundisturbed block (cubical and cylindrical) soil samples.1.2
3、 Undisturbed block samples are obtained for laboratorytests to determine the strength, consolidation, permeability, andother geotechnical engineering or physical properties of theundisturbed soil.1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. Practice A coverscubical block sampling, while Practice B cove
4、rs cylindricalblock sampling.1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation andare limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case oflarge diameter (that is, 0.75 m) bored shafts of circularcross-section in unsaturated soils, for depths greater than about1to112 meters or depths bel
5、ow the water table, the cost anddifficulties of excavating, cribbing, and dewatering generallymake block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For theseconditions, use of a thin-walled push tube soil sampler (Prac-tice D 1587), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D 6519), orHollow-Stem Auger (D 61
6、51), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soilcore samplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required.This practice does not address environmental sampling; consultGuides D 6169 and D 6232 for information on sampling forenvironmental investigations.1.5 Successful sampling of granular materials requires
7、suf-ficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent cohesion (due tomoisture tension (suction) of the soil for it to be isolated in acolumn shape without undergoing excessive deformations.Additionally, care must be exercised in the excavation, pres-ervation and transportation of undisturbed samples (see
8、Prac-tice D 4220, Group D).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. No other units are included in this standard.1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be
9、 used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be appli
10、ed without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word 9Standard9 in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
11、 theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. For specifichazard statements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil,
12、Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 1785 Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-tic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D 2488 Practice for Determining Unified Soil Classification(Visual Method)D 2937 Test Method for Densit
13、y of Soils in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Sub
14、surface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for1The
15、se practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Investigations.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published February 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
16、ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Un
17、ited States.Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD 6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-cally Operated Stationary Piston Sampler3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definition of terms in this standardrefer to Terminology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 Undisturbed bl
18、ock samples are suitable for laboratorytests where large-sized samples of undisturbed material arerequired or where such sampling is more practical thanconventional tube sampling (Practices D 1587 and D 6519), orboth.4.2 This method of sampling is advantageous where the soilto be sampled is near the
19、 ground surface. This is the bestavailable method for obtaining large undisturbed samples ofvery stiff and brittle soils, partially cemented soils, and somesoils containing coarse gravel.4.3 Excavating a column of soil may relieve stresses in thesoil and may result in some expansion of the soil and
20、acorresponding decrease in its unit weight (density) or increasein sampling disturbance, or both. Usually the expansion issmall in magnitude because of the shallow depth. Stresschanges alone can cause enough disturbances in some soils tosignificantly alter their engineering properties.4.4 The chain
21、saw has proved advantageous in samplingdifficult soils, which are blocky, slickensided, or gravelly, ormaterials containing alternating layers of hard and soft mate-rial.3The chain saw uses a special carbide-tipped chain.4NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the c
22、ompetence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D 3740 does no
23、t in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides ameans of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Excavating and trimming tools are required. This mayinclude such items as backhoe, pick, shovel, chain saw, trowel,large and small knives,
24、hacksaw blades, thin wire such as pianowire. In addition, a sample container having sufficient strengthand rigidity to avoid deformations that could damage thesample.5.1.1 The chain for the chain saw is of standard designexcept that carbide tips are brazed to the cutting teeth. Thechain saws bar len
25、gth should be greater than 457 mm.5.2 For cubical block sampling, a cubical wooden, steel boxor any relatively rigid material that can be assembled into a box10 mm to 15 mm larger than the sample side dimensions maybe used to contain the cubical block sample during the requiredcutting process (see 7
26、.1.8) or transportation or both. Steelboxes should have some form of protective coating as outlinedin 5.3, unless the soil is to be extruded in less than 3 days. Thebox should be fastened using screws, or bolts and nutspreferable before going to the field to verify that the parts fittogether and can
27、 be assembled without vibration of the sample.Do not use nails or other devices that require hammering toassemble or dissemble the box.5.3 For cylindrical block sampling, cylindrical tubes madeof steel or any relatively rigid material may be used to containthe cylindrical block sample during the req
28、uired cutting pro-cess (see 7.2.5) or transportation or both. Steel tubes shouldhave some form of protective coating, unless the soil is to beextruded in less than 3 days. The type of coating to be usedmay vary depending upon the material to be sampled. Platingof the tubes or alternate base metals m
29、ay be specified.Galvanized tubes are often used when long-term storage isrequired. Tubes may be protected with a light coating oflubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, TFR fluorocarbon, or zincoxide. One end of the tube should have a sharpened cuttingedge to assist in cutting the soil. Cylindrical tubes m
30、ade ofPVC pipe should have a minimum sidewall thickness of no lessthan that of a Schedule 80 pipe (Specification D 1785).NOTE 2Experience with thin-wall push tube sampling of soils (Prac-tice D 1587) indicates disturbance is minimized when the cutting edge isabout 10 degrees or less. This sharp angl
31、e is possible with metal tubes, butmay not be with other materials such as PVC, and a sharp angle may notbe critical to hand trimmed samples.5.4 Cheesecloth or similar cloth wrapping material.5.5 Sealing wax, paintbrush, and melting stove or heater.Use a sealing wax that does not shrink appreciably,
32、 does notpermit evaporation from the sample, and does not exhibitbrittle characteristics. Microcrystalline waxes are preferable toparaffin.5.6 Shipping containers, packing materials, labels, dataforms, and other necessary supplies. Packing material may belight, resilient polystyrene plastic, sawdust
33、, or smaller material.5.7 Fuel for the wax melting stove or heater, and fuel andlubricating oil for the chain saw.5.8 Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be consid-ered when necessary. If a chain saw is used, eye and hearingprotection are necessary. A hard hat may also be appropriate. Afirst
34、aid kit should be available and a fire extinguisher shouldalso be handy especially where a stove or heater is being used.6. Hazards6.1 Warning StatementTrenching and excavation workpresents serious risks, such as slope instability, ventilation,hearing etc. to all workers involved. All excavations mu
35、st beconstructed in accordance with applicable OSHA require-ments.57. Procedure7.1 Practice ACubical Block Sampling:7.1.1 At the location where the block sample is to beobtained level and smooth the ground surface and mark the3Tiedemann, D. A., GR-83-8, “Undisturbed Block Sampling Using a ChainSaw,”
36、 Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 1983, p. 19.4USBR 7100-89, “Obtaining Undisturbed Block Samples by the Hand andChain Saw Methods,” Earth ManualPart 2, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO,1990, pp. 1079-1083.529 CFR 1926 “Labor,” Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Printing office, 1991.D7015042outli
37、ne of a face of the block. Surface soils containing roots orother organic matter should be removed.NOTE 3The size of the sample depends upon its intended use. Formost investigations, a cube about 0.3 m per side, with a mass of about 55kg, provides sufficient material and can be handled easily.7.1.2
38、Carefully excavate a trench around the sample to therequired depth, removing a sufficient amount of material toprovide space in which to work as shown on Fig. 1. If abackhoe is used to excavate the trench, first dig out anoversized column (pedestal) large enough that the soil to besampled is not dis
39、turbed by the backhoe operation.NOTE 4Generally, a pedestal 0.9 or 1.2 m on a side and 0.9 to 1.2 mhigh is adequate. If the soil is fragile and easily broken, backhoe usagemay be limited to excavation of only two or three sides of the pedestal,with the remaining side or sides excavated by chain saw
40、and/or by handmethods. In addition, if the soil is fragile and easily broken, the cylindricalblock sampling procedure (see 7.2) should be considered, provided the“pushing in one continuous motion” or “drive-cylinder” methods are notused.7.1.3 Gradually remove excess soil on the sides of the blockusi
41、ng the chain saw and/or hand methods until a pedestal of thedesired size is obtained.7.1.4 Measure and record the elevation (or depth below theground surface) to the top of the sample and depth to waterlevel if encountered.7.1.5 Visually classify the soil(s) in the sample based on thetrimmings and e
42、xposed surfaces of the block in accordancewith Practice D 2488, and describe the in-place condition ofthe soil, such as color, odor, moisture condition, consistency,cementation and structure. Record the soils classification andin-place condition on a data sheet, see Section 9. Photographsof the bloc
43、k location (before and after trimming around theblock) are desirable.7.1.6 Cover the freshly exposed faces of the sample (ped-estal) with cheesecloth and paint with melted wax as shown inFig. 2. Apply additional layers of cheesecloth and wax to forma total of three (minimum) layers. Hot wax should n
44、ot bepoured directly over the sample. If the soil is fragile, applycheesecloth and then wax to individual faces of the sample asthey are exposed.7.1.7 Identify the sample (number, location, elevation, etc.),and mark the top of sample and the north orientation. A pieceof heavy paper showing this info
45、rmation should be waxed tothe top of the sample and if applicable, add a second copy tothe top of the box containing the block sample, see Section 8.7.1.8 To remove the cubical block sample, carefully cut orshear the base of the sample from the underlying soil using athin wire such as piano wire if
46、in clayey soils, or with either achain saw, shovels, or knives if in other soil types. If the soil isdisturbed easily, a sturdy box with both ends removed shouldbe placed over the sample, and fill the space between thesample and the box with packing material and attach the top tothe box with screws,
47、 or with bolts and nuts prior to removingthe base of the sample (see Fig. 3).7.1.9 Carefully tilt the sample on one side. Add appropriatepacking materials to minimize any voids between the box andsample. Cover the exposed bottom face with at least threelayers of cheesecloth and wax as described in 7
48、.1.6.7.1.10 Record all necessary information on a data sheet asspecified in Section 9. A copy of a sample data sheet isincluded in Appendix X1.7.2 Practice BCylindrical Block Sampling:7.2.1 At the location where the cylindrical sample is to beobtained, level and smooth the ground surface. Surface so
49、ilscontaining roots or other organic matter should be removed.Samples may be obtained from the bottom or the side of a testpit as shown on Fig. 1. Pushing in one continuous motionwithout hand trimming can be performed in accordance withPractice D 1587. Another method for advancing cylindricalsamples by hammer impact is the Drive-Cylinder method (TestMethod D 2937) (see Notes 5 and 6).7.2.2 Carefully excavate a trench around the sample to therequired depth, removing a sufficient amount of material toprovide space in which to work. If a backhoe is used toFIG. 1 Procedure for
