1、Designation: D7015 07D7015 13Standard Practices forObtaining Intact Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples ofSoils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7015; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 These practices outline the procedures for obtaining intact block (cubical and cylindrical) soil samples.1.
3、2 Intact block samples are obtained for laboratory tests to determine the strength, consolidation, permeability, and othergeotechnical engineering or physical properties of the intact soil.1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. Practice A covers cubical block sampling, while Practice B covers cyl
4、indrical blocksampling.1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation and are limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case of largediameter (that is, 0.75 greater than 34 m) bored shafts of circular cross-section in unsaturated soils, for depths greater than about1 to 112 meters
5、metres or depths below the water table, the cost and difficulties of excavating, cribbing, and dewatering generallymake block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For these conditions, use of a thin-walled push tube soil sampler (PracticeD1587), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D6519), or Holl
6、ow-StemAuger (Practice D6151), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soil coresamplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required. This practice doesThese practices do not address environmentalsampling; consult Guides D6169 and D6232 for information on sampling for environmental investigations.1.5 Success
7、ful sampling of granular materials requires sufficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent cohesion (due to moisturetension (suction) of the soil for it to be isolated in a column shape without undergoing excessive deformations. Additionally, caremust be exercised in the excavation, preservation and
8、transportation of intact samples (see Practice D4220, Group D).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding
9、established in PracticeD6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.7.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. T
10、he procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It isbeyond the
11、scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.8 This practice offersThese practices offer a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This documentcannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjun
12、ction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of thispracticethese practices may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be ap
13、pliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard“ in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
14、It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1 These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil a
15、nd Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and RelatedField Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007July 1, 2013. Published November 2007August 2013. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042007as D7015 04.D7015 07
16、. DOI: 10.1520/D7015-07.10.1520/D7015-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, AST
17、M recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
18、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic
19、Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder MethodD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
20、Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical
21、Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental InvestigationsD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydra
22、ulically Operated Stationary Piston Sampler3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definition of terms in this standard refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 Intact block samples are suitable for laboratory tests where large-sized samples of intact material are required or where suchsampling
23、 is more practical than conventional tube sampling (Practices D1587 and D6519), or both.4.2 This The intact block method of sampling is advantageous where the soil to be sampled is near the ground surface. ThisItis the best available method for obtaining large intact samples of very stiff and brittl
24、e soils, partially cemented soils, and some soilscontaining coarse gravel.4.3 Excavating a column of soil may relieve stresses in the soil and may result in some expansion of the soil and a correspondingdecrease in its unit weight (density) or increase in sampling disturbance, or both. Usually the e
25、xpansion is small in magnitudebecause of the shallow depth. Stress changes alone can cause enough disturbances in some soils to significantly alter theirengineering properties.4.4 The chain saw has proved advantageous in sampling difficult soils, which are blocky, slickensided, or gravelly, or mater
26、ialscontaining alternating layers of hard and soft material.3 The chain saw uses a special carbide-tipped chain.4NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies
27、that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective sampling.Users of this practicestandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on manyfactors; Practice D3740 provides a
28、 means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Excavating and trimming tools are required. ThisThey may include such items as backhoe, pick, shovel, chain saw, trowel,large and small knives, hacksaw blades, thin wire such as piano wire. In addition, a sample container having sufficient s
29、trengthand rigidity to avoid deformations that could damage the sample.5.1.1 The chain for the chain saw is of standard design except that carbide tips are brazed to the cutting teeth. The chain sawsbar length should be greater than 457450 mm.5.2 For cubical block sampling, a cubical wooden, steel b
30、ox or any relatively rigid material that can be assembled into a box10 mm to 15 mm larger than the sample side dimensions may be used to contain the cubical block sample during the requiredcutting process (see 7.1.8) or transportation or both. Steel boxes should have some form of protective coating
31、as outlined in 5.3,unless the soil is to be extruded in less than 3 days. The box should be fastened using screws, or bolts and nuts preferable beforegoing to the field to verify that the parts fit together and can be assembled without vibration of vibrating or otherwise disturbingthe sample. Do not
32、 use nails or other devices that require hammering to assemble or dissemble the box.5.3 For cylindrical block sampling, cylindrical tubes made of steel or any relatively rigid material may be used to contain thecylindrical block sample during the required cutting process (see 7.2.5) or transportatio
33、n or both. Steel tubes should have some2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Tiedemann, D. A., GR
34、-83-8, “Undisturbed Block Sampling Using a Chain Saw,” Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 1983, p. 19.4 USBR 7100-89, “Obtaining Undisturbed Block Samples by the Hand and Chain Saw Methods,” Earth ManualPart 2 , Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 1990,pp. 1079-1083.D7015 132form of protective coatin
35、g, unless the soil is to be extruded in less than 3 days. The type of coating to be used may vary dependingupon the material to be sampled. Plating of the tubes or alternate base metals may be specified. Galvanized tubes are often usedwhen long-term storage is required. Tubes may be protected with a
36、 light coating of lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, TFRfluorocarbon, or zinc oxide. One end of the tube should have a sharpened cutting edge to assist in cutting the soil. Cylindrical tubesmade of PVC pipe should have a minimum sidewall thickness of no less than that of a Schedule 80 pipe (Specificat
37、ion D1785).NOTE 2Experience with thin-wall push tube sampling of soils (Practice D1587) indicates disturbance is minimized when the cutting edge is about10 degrees or less. This sharp angle is possible with metal tubes, but may not be with other materials such as PVC, and a sharp angle may not be cr
38、iticalto hand trimmed samples.5.4 Cheesecloth or similar cloth wrapping material.5.5 Sealing wax, paintbrush, and melting stove or heater. Use a sealing wax that does not shrink appreciably, does not permitevaporation from the sample, and does not exhibit brittle characteristics. Microcrystalline wa
39、xes are preferable to paraffin.5.6 Shipping containers, packing materials, labels, data forms, and other necessary supplies. Packing material may be light,resilient polystyrene plastic, sawdust, or smaller material.5.7 Fuel for the wax melting stove or heater, and fuel and lubricating oil for the ch
40、ain saw.5.8 Personal protective equipment (PPE) shouldshall be considered when necessary. If a chain saw is used, eye and hearingprotection are necessary. protection, gloves, chaps, long-sleeved shirt or jacket, and safety boots should also be considered.Ahardhat may also be appropriate. A first aid
41、 kit should be available and a an appropriate fire extinguisher shouldmust also be handy,especially where a stove or heater is being used.6. Hazards6.1 Warning StatementTrenching and excavation work presents serious risks, such as slope instability, ventilation, hearing etc.hearing, and like, to all
42、 workers involved. All excavations must be constructed in accordance with applicable OSHAregulatoryrequirements. When using either a gas, hydraulically, or electric powered chain saw, follow safety precautions recommended bythe manufacturer.7. Procedure7.1 Practice ACubical Block Sampling:7.1.1 At t
43、he location where the block sample is to be obtained level and smooth the ground surface and mark the outline of aface of the block. Surface soils containing roots or other organic matter shouldmust be removed.NOTE 3The size of the sample depends upon its intended use. For most investigations, a cub
44、e about 0.3 m per side, with a mass of about 55 kg,provides sufficient material and can be handled easily.7.1.2 Carefully excavate a trench around the sample to the required depth, removing a sufficient amount of material to providespace in which to work as shown on Fig. 1. If a backhoe is used to e
45、xcavate the trench, first dig out an oversized column (pedestal)large enough that the soil to be sampled is not disturbed by the backhoe operation.NOTE 4Generally, a pedestal 0.9 or 1.2 m on a side and 0.9 to 1.2 m high is adequate. If the soil is fragile and easily broken, backhoe usage mayshouldbe
46、 limited to excavation of only two or three sides of the pedestal, with the remaining side or sides excavated by chain saw and/oror by hand methods.methods, or both. In addition, if the soil is fragile and easily broken, the cylindrical block sampling procedure (see 7.2) should be considered, provid
47、edthe “pushing in one continuous motion” or “drive-cylinder” methods are not used.7.1.3 Gradually remove excess soil on the sides of the block using the chain saw and/or hand methods or hand methods, or both,until a pedestal of the desired size is obtained.7.1.4 Measure and record the elevation (or
48、depth below the ground surface) to the top of the sample and depth to water levelif encountered.7.1.5 Visually classify the soil(s) in the sample based on the trimmings and exposed surfaces of the block in accordance withPractice D2488, and describe the in-place condition of the soil, such as color,
49、 odor, moisture condition, consistency, cementationand structure. Record the soils classification and in-place condition on a data sheet, see Section 9. Photographs of the blocklocation (before and after trimming around the block) are desirable.7.1.6 Cover the freshly exposed faces of the sample (pedestal) with cheesecloth and paint with melted wax as shown in Fig.2. Apply additional layers of cheesecloth and wax to form a total of three (minimum) layers. Hot wax shouldshall not be poureddirectly over the sample. If the soil is fragile, apply cheesecloth and then
