1、Designation: D 7030 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forShort Term Creep Performance of Corrugated FiberboardContainers Under Constant Load Using a Compression TestMachine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7030; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the resistanc
3、e of anempty paper corrugated shipping container to a verticallyapplied constant compression load for a specified time. The testmethod may also include palletized or unitized loads made ofsuch containers. The boxes are tested in the orientation thatthey are most likely to be stacked in a unitized or
4、 palletizedload.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concer
5、ns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 642 Test Method for Determining Compres
6、sive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers, Components, and UnitLoadsD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4332 Practice for Conditioni
7、ng Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of aContainer Under Constant LoadE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characte
8、risticof a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 constant loada load that is invariable or unchang-ing.3.2.2 creepcontinued deformation over
9、 time while underconstant load.3.2.3 loadthe force applied to a body.3.2.4 static loadan imposed stationary force, constant inmagnitude and direction.4. Significance and Use4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may bestored for a period of time in a manner such that one or morecontain
10、ers are stacked on one another. The bottom package isthus continually subjected to a constant compression load.4.2 This test method subjects an empty container to apredetermined static load and to specified atmospheric condi-tions, if required, over a short period of time using fixed platencompressi
11、on testing equipment. Deflection is measured overtime.4.3 Deflection versus time data can be used to predict timeto failure of corrugated shipping containers under constantload.5. Apparatus5.1 Fixed-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat towithin 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in len
12、gth,one of which is movable in the vertical direction so as tocompress the container between the platens. One is the loadmeasuring platen, and both should be of sufficient size so thatthe test container does not extend beyond the edges of theplatens. Both platens are fixed in the horizontal directio
13、ns sothat the lateral movement is not greater than 0.05 in. (1.3 mm),and are held parallel throughout the test to within 0.04 in. (11This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical TestMethods.Current ed
14、ition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 7030 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inform
15、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in the length and widthdimensions. See Fig. 1. The testing machine should be capabl
16、eto maintain load within 1 % of the required level for theduration of the test.5.2 Closing Equipment for Fiberboard BoxesSuitablematerials and application equipment for closing boxes shouldbe used. If adhesives are used, sealing boards described in TestMethod D 642 may be needed.5.3 Conditioning App
17、aratusAdequate facilities shall beprovided to maintain a conditioned atmosphere of temperatureand humidity as required for the purpose of the test.5.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentDrying oven, scales, knife,saws, and the like, for use in determination of the moisturecontent or for making other supplementa
18、ry tests of the mate-rials from which the containers are made.6. Calibration6.1 The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified toensure reliable test data.6.1.1 The overall system accuracy of the recorded or indi-cated applied load (force) shall be verified in accordance withPractice E4. The ve
19、rified loading range shall be specified, anderrors within the loading range shall not exceed 61.0 % of thereading (as calculated in Practice E4). If testing below thePractice E4verified loading range is desired, then the maxi-mum permissible error shall not exceed 60.2 % of the fullrange of the forc
20、e sensor, calculated as follows:E 5 FS3 0.002where:E = maximum permissible error, lbf or N, andFS= force sensors full range, lbf or N.6.1.2 The accuracy of the recorded or indicated platendisplacement must be verified in accordance with the equip-ment manufacturers recommended procedures. The error,
21、including the effects of any backlash in the loading system,shall not exceed 60.1 in. (62.5 mm).6.1.3 The accuracy of the platen travel rate at 0.5 in./min(12.7 mm/min) must be verified throughout each loading rangein accordance with the equipment manufacturers recom-mended procedures. The error, in
22、cluding any backlash in theloading system, shall not exceed 60.10 in./min (62.5 mm/min).7. Test Specimens and Number of Tests7.1 The containers being tested shall be complete in allrespects. Tests should be conducted on empty containers. Thecontainers should be closed and secured in the same manner
23、aswill be used in preparing them for shipment (for example, tape,FIG. 1 Corrugated Container Under Creep Test in Compression Test MachineD 7030 04 (2009)2strapping). Include any internal load-bearing members likepartitions, and corner posts, if used in actual shipments.7.2 Performance should be base
24、d on tests of not fewer thanfive representative specimens of a given size and type ofcontainer.7.3 Refer to Practice E 122 for additional information onsample size.8. Conditioning8.1 When required, the container should be conditioned forthe static load test by exposure to fixed or controlled variabl
25、econditions of temperature and humidity.8.1.1 Where applicable, a special atmosphere selected fromthose specified in Practice D 4332 may be used.8.2 The test container shall be preconditioned in the desiredatmosphere for such a time as is necessary to bring thecontainer into equilibrium with that at
26、mosphere and using thetechniques in Practice D 685.9. Procedure9.1 Select the constant load to which the container will besubjected. The selection may be based on:9.1.1 The load to which a bottom container in a stack will besubjected to in storage.9.1.2 A percentage of the value obtained by Test Met
27、hodD 642 on a similar container.9.2 Center the specimen on the bottom platen of the testingapparatus so as not to incur eccentric loading.9.3 Place the test load on the specimen. The load shall beapplied with a continuous motion of the movable platen of thetesting machine at a speed of 0.5 6 0.1 in.
28、 (12.7 6 2.5mm)/min until the specified load is attained. Maintain thecompressive force at that setting with an accuracy of 1 %.9.4 The entire duration of the compression creep test shouldbe performed under fixed climatic conditions such as standardconditions of 73F and 50% relative humidity or at o
29、therclimatic conditions as described in Practice D 4332.9.5 The deflection shall be taken as zero the moment whenfull load has been established.9.6 Record the deflection versus time values over a pre-determined period. The recommended test time is 12 h.9.7 Moisture Content (when Specified):9.7.1 Fib
30、erboard ContainersDetermine the moisture con-tent of fiberboard at the end of the test in accordance with TestMethod D 644.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 A statement indicating that the tests were performedin accordance with this test method, except where noted.10.1.2 Contain
31、er Structural and Physical Specifications:10.1.2.1 Inside dimensions should be specified for all cor-rugated fiberboard containers.10.1.2.2 Description and specification of materials, style ofcontainer, access holes, and double scores.10.1.2.3 Description and specifications for interior packag-ing,
32、if used.10.1.2.4 Spacing, size, and type of fasteners and method ofclosure.10.1.2.5 Printing amount and location on container. Recordcaliper of printed and plain surfaces.10.1.3 Detailed Results for Each Test Specimen:10.1.3.1 Pre- and post-test conditions of the container.10.1.3.2 Any observations
33、that may assist in correctly inter-preting the results or aid in improving the design of thecontainer (for example, photographic evidence of containerdamage).10.1.3.3 Nature of failure and description of sidewall defor-mation (inwards or outwards).10.1.3.4 Any tests performed on the test specimen pr
34、ior tocompression testing.10.1.3.5 Graph or table showing the deformation-time rela-tionship for each test.10.1.3.6 Number of specimens tested.10.1.3.7 Mean and standard deviation calculations of allspecimens tested for the slope of the deflection-time plotreported in inches/hour.10.1.4 Identificati
35、on of Test Apparatus and InstrumentationUsed, Including Manufacturers Names and Model Numbers.10.1.4.1 Type of test machine used. Include details of anyknown modifications.10.1.4.2 Orientation in which the specimen was tested.10.1.4.3 Date of last calibration of apparatus and recordinginstrumentatio
36、n.10.1.5 Method, if any, of conditioning the container.10.1.6 The moisture content of the fiberboard, if deter-mined.10.1.7 The results of any supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the container is made.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe subcommittee has conducted an analy-sis of the
37、 data based on limited testing by one laboratory. Thesewere top loaded empty regular slotted corrugated containerstested for 12 h at 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of the containers TestMethod D 642 compression strength. The within-laboratoryrepeatability (standard deviation of the deflection after 12 h asa pe
38、rcent of the mean of five replicates of two different sizeboxes tested at 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of their Test Method D 642compression strength) was 3.75 %.11.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method since a true or absolute value cannot beestablished by an accepted ref
39、erence method.12. Keywords12.1 compression test; creep test; duration of load; packag-ing; shipping container; shipping unit; stacking life; storageenvironmentD 7030 04 (2009)3ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. PROCEDURE TO PREDICT CONTAINER LIFE TO FAILUREA1.1 The following discussion demonstrates a m
40、ethod ofcalculation for time-to-failure using 12-h creep data. A straightline is fitted to the deflection versus time data for a particularload level from the 12-h creep test. The fit can be donegraphically or by using curve fitting software. The slope of thestraight line is the average creep rate d
41、uring the 12-h test forthis load level. This average creep rate is then adjusted to yieldthe average creep rate over the time-to-failure using3,4R 5 R123 P/1002P! (A1.1)where:R12= average creep rate in 12-h test (slope of straight linefitted to creep data), andP = load level expressed as a percent o
42、f Test MethodD 642 compression strength.A1.2 The predicted time-to-failure is the time required toreach the Test Method D 642 failure deflection while deform-ing at the adjusted creep rate,T 5DR(A1.2)where:T = time to fail,D = Test Method D 642 failure deflection, andR = adjusted creep rate.A1.3 The
43、 data in the reference studies3,4show that thepredicted values were within 3 days for actual values for toploads that are between 40 to 60 % of the compression strength.This method allows the use of an accelerated test method topredict failure time more accurately than traditional methods ofusing fa
44、ctors with compression strength values.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the
45、riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of
46、this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldma
47、ke your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained
48、by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Burgess, G., Singh, S. P., and Srinangyam, M., “Predicting Collapse Times forCorrugated Boxes Under Constant Top Load Using Short Term Creep Tests,”Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Paper Under Review for Publication, 2003.4Singh, S.P., and Burgess, G.,“Creep Performance Data for Corrugated Boxes:Accelerated vs. Long Term Compression Strength,” Inside PreShipment Testing,3rdQuarter, 2003.D 7030 04 (2009)4
