1、Designation: D7030 04 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forShort Term Creep Performance of Corrugated FiberboardContainers Under Constant Load Using a Compression TestMachine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance
3、of anempty paper corrugated shipping container to a verticallyapplied constant compression load for a specified time. The testmethod may also include palletized or unitized loads made ofsuch containers. The boxes are tested in the orientation thatthey are most likely to be stacked in a unitized or p
4、alletizedload.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
5、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally reco
6、gnized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for
7、 Determining Compressive Resistanceof Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit LoadsD644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)3D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-m
8、entsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Con-tainer Under Constant LoadE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Prec
9、ision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 constant loada load that is invariable or unchanging.3.2.2
10、creepcontinued deformation over time while underconstant load.3.2.3 loadthe force applied to a body.3.2.4 static loadan imposed stationary force, constant inmagnitude and direction.4. Significance and Use4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may bestored for a period of time in a mann
11、er such that one or morecontainers are stacked on one another. The bottom package isthus continually subjected to a constant compression load.4.2 This test method subjects an empty container to apredetermined static load and to specified atmosphericconditions, if required, over a short period of tim
12、e using fixedplaten compression testing equipment. Deflection is measuredover time.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current
13、 edition approved May 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D7030 04 (2009). DOI:10.1520/D7030-04R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
14、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesT
15、his international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade
16、(TBT) Committee.14.3 Deflection versus time data can be used to predict timeto failure of corrugated shipping containers under constantload.5. Apparatus5.1 Fixed-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat towithin 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in length,one of which is movable in the ve
17、rtical direction so as tocompress the container between the platens. One is the loadmeasuring platen, and both should be of sufficient size so thatthe test container does not extend beyond the edges of theplatens. Both platens are fixed in the horizontal directions sothat the lateral movement is not
18、 greater than 0.05 in. (1.3 mm),and are held parallel throughout the test to within 0.04 in. (1mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in the length and widthdimensions. See Fig. 1. The testing machine should be capableto maintain load within 1 % of the required level for theduration of the test.5.2 Closing
19、Equipment for Fiberboard BoxesSuitable ma-terials and application equipment for closing boxes should beused. If adhesives are used, sealing boards described in TestMethod D642 may be needed.5.3 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided to maintain a conditioned atmosphere of tempera
20、tureand humidity as required for the purpose of the test.5.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentDrying oven, scales, knife,saws, and the like, for use in determination of the moisturecontent or for making other supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the containers are made.6. Calibration6.1 The accura
21、cy of the test equipment must be verified toensure reliable test data.6.1.1 The overall system accuracy of the recorded or indi-cated applied load (force) shall be verified in accordance withPractice E4. The verified loading range shall be specified, anderrors within the loading range shall not exce
22、ed 61.0 % of thereading (as calculated in Practice E4). If testing below thePractice E4 verified loading range is desired, then the maxi-mum permissible error shall not exceed 60.2 % of the fullrange of the force sensor, calculated as follows:E 5 FS30.002FIG. 1 Corrugated Container Under Creep Test
23、in Compression Test MachineD7030 04 (2017)2where:E = maximum permissible error, lbf or N, andFS= force sensors full range, lbf or N.6.1.2 The accuracy of the recorded or indicated platendisplacement must be verified in accordance with the equip-ment manufacturers recommended procedures. The error,in
24、cluding the effects of any backlash in the loading system,shall not exceed 60.1 in. (62.5 mm).6.1.3 The accuracy of the platen travel rate at 0.5 in./min(12.7 mm/min) must be verified throughout each loading rangein accordance with the equipment manufacturers recom-mended procedures. The error, incl
25、uding any backlash in theloading system, shall not exceed 60.10 in./min (62.5 mm/min).7. Test Specimens and Number of Tests7.1 The containers being tested shall be complete in allrespects. Tests should be conducted on empty containers. Thecontainers should be closed and secured in the same manner as
26、will be used in preparing them for shipment (for example, tape,strapping). Include any internal load-bearing members likepartitions, and corner posts, if used in actual shipments.7.2 Performance should be based on tests of not fewer thanfive representative specimens of a given size and type ofcontai
27、ner.7.3 Refer to Practice E122 for additional information onsample size.8. Conditioning8.1 When required, the container should be conditioned forthe static load test by exposure to fixed or controlled variableconditions of temperature and humidity.8.1.1 Where applicable, a special atmosphere selecte
28、d fromthose specified in Practice D4332 may be used.8.2 The test container shall be preconditioned in the desiredatmosphere for such a time as is necessary to bring thecontainer into equilibrium with that atmosphere and using thetechniques in Practice D685.9. Procedure9.1 Select the constant load to
29、 which the container will besubjected. The selection may be based on:9.1.1 The load to which a bottom container in a stack will besubjected to in storage.9.1.2 A percentage of the value obtained by Test MethodD642 on a similar container.9.2 Center the specimen on the bottom platen of the testingappa
30、ratus so as not to incur eccentric loading.9.3 Place the test load on the specimen. The load shall beapplied with a continuous motion of the movable platen of thetesting machine at a speed of 0.5 6 0.1 in. (12.7 6 2.5mm)/min until the specified load is attained. Maintain thecompressive force at that
31、 setting with an accuracy of 1 %.9.4 The entire duration of the compression creep test shouldbe performed under fixed climatic conditions such as standardconditions of 73F and 50% relative humidity or at otherclimatic conditions as described in Practice D4332.9.5 The deflection shall be taken as zer
32、o the moment whenfull load has been established.9.6 Record the deflection versus time values over a pre-determined period. The recommended test time is 12 h.9.7 Moisture Content (when Specified):9.7.1 Fiberboard ContainersDetermine the moisture con-tent of fiberboard at the end of the test in accord
33、ance with TestMethod D644.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 A statement indicating that the tests were performedin accordance with this test method, except where noted.10.1.2 Container Structural and Physical Specifications:10.1.2.1 Inside dimensions should be specified for all
34、cor-rugated fiberboard containers.10.1.2.2 Description and specification of materials, style ofcontainer, access holes, and double scores.10.1.2.3 Description and specifications for interiorpackaging, if used.10.1.2.4 Spacing, size, and type of fasteners and method ofclosure.10.1.2.5 Printing amount
35、 and location on container. Recordcaliper of printed and plain surfaces.10.1.3 Detailed Results for Each Test Specimen:10.1.3.1 Pre- and post-test conditions of the container.10.1.3.2 Any observations that may assist in correctly inter-preting the results or aid in improving the design of thecontain
36、er (for example, photographic evidence of containerdamage).10.1.3.3 Nature of failure and description of sidewall defor-mation (inwards or outwards).10.1.3.4 Any tests performed on the test specimen prior tocompression testing.10.1.3.5 Graph or table showing the deformation-time rela-tionship for ea
37、ch test.10.1.3.6 Number of specimens tested.10.1.3.7 Mean and standard deviation calculations of allspecimens tested for the slope of the deflection-time plotreported in inches/hour.10.1.4 Identification of Test Apparatus and InstrumentationUsed, Including Manufacturers Names and Model Numbers.10.1.
38、4.1 Type of test machine used. Include details of anyknown modifications.10.1.4.2 Orientation in which the specimen was tested.10.1.4.3 Date of last calibration of apparatus and recordinginstrumentation.10.1.5 Method, if any, of conditioning the container.10.1.6 The moisture content of the fiberboar
39、d, if deter-mined.10.1.7 The results of any supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the container is made.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe subcommittee has conducted an analy-sis of the data based on limited testing by one laboratory. TheseD7030 04 (2017)3were top loaded empty regula
40、r slotted corrugated containerstested for 12 h at 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of the containers TestMethod D642 compression strength. The within-laboratoryrepeatability (standard deviation of the deflection after 12 h asa percent of the mean of five replicates of two different sizeboxes tested at 20, 40, 60
41、 and 80 % of their Test Method D642compression strength) was 3.75 %.11.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method since a true or absolute value cannot beestablished by an accepted reference method.12. Keywords12.1 compression test; creep test; duration of load; packag
42、-ing; shipping container; shipping unit; stacking life; storageenvironmentANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. PROCEDURE TO PREDICT CONTAINER LIFE TO FAILUREA1.1 The following discussion demonstrates a method ofcalculation for time-to-failure using 12-h creep data. A straightline is fitted to the deflect
43、ion versus time data for a particularload level from the 12-h creep test. The fit can be donegraphically or by using curve fitting software. The slope of thestraight line is the average creep rate during the 12-h test forthis load level. This average creep rate is then adjusted to yieldthe average c
44、reep rate over the time-to-failure using4,5R 5 R123P/100 2 P! (A1.1)where:R12= average creep rate in 12-h test (slope of straight linefitted to creep data), andP = load level expressed as a percent of Test Method D642compression strength.A1.2 The predicted time-to-failure is the time required toreac
45、h the Test Method D642 failure deflection while deformingat the adjusted creep rate,T 5DR(A1.2)where:T = time to fail,D = Test Method D642 failure deflection, andR = adjusted creep rate.A1.3 The data in the reference studies4,5show that thepredicted values were within 3 days for actual values for to
46、ploads that are between 40 to 60 % of the compression strength.This method allows the use of an accelerated test method topredict failure time more accurately than traditional methods ofusing factors with compression strength values.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any
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