1、Designation:D703405 Designation: D7034 11Standard Guide forDeriving Acceptable Levels of Airborne ChemicalContaminants in Aircraft Cabins Based on Health andComfort Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7034; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides methodology to assist in inter
3、preting results of air quality measurements conducted in aircraft cabins.In particular, the guide describes methodology for deriving acceptable concentrations for airborne chemical contaminants, basedon health and comfort considerations.1.2 The procedures for deriving acceptable concentrations are b
4、ased on considerations of comfort and health effects, includingodor and irritant effects, of individual chemical contaminants being evaluated. The guide does not provide specific benchmark orguidance values for individual chemicals to compare with results of air quality measurements.1.3 Chemical con
5、taminant exposures under both routine and episodic conditions for passengers and crew are considered.1.4 This guide does not address airborne microbiological contaminants, which are also important in consideration of aircraftcabin air quality. This guide also does not address methodologies for inves
6、tigations of air quality complaints.1.5 This guide assumes that a list of chemical contaminants of potential concern has been developed based on existingconcentration, emission, or material composition data.1.6 The primary information resources for developing acceptable concentrations are databases
7、and documents maintained orpublished by cognizant authorities or organizations concerned with health effects of exposure to contaminants.1.7 Acceptable concentrations developed through this guide may be used as a basis for selecting test methods with adequatereliability and sensitivity to assess the
8、 acceptability of aircraft cabin environments.1.8 Procedures described in this guide should be carried out in consultation with qualified toxicologists and health effectsspecialists to ensure that acceptable concentrations developed are consistent with the current scientific understanding andknowled
9、ge base.1.91.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to
10、 establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Q
11、uality in Aircraft CabinsE609 Terminology Relating to PesticidesE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate2.2 Other Standards:314 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety And Health Standards40 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards1This guide
12、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved JanuaryMarch 1, 2005.2011. Published January 2005.Marc
13、h 2011. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042005 asD7034 - 045. DOI: 10.1520/D7034-05.10.1520/D7034-11.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume inform
14、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM
15、 standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published b
16、y ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminologies D1356, E609, and E943.4. Summary of Guid
17、e4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide methodology for interpretation of air quality data obtained by measurementsconducted in aircraft cabins. Acceptable concentrations developed through this guide may also be used as a basis for selecting testmethods with adequate reliability and sensitivity
18、 for measuring cabin air quality.4.2 To provide a background for assessment of cabin air quality, the guide summarizes information on the concepts of exposure,dose, and related health effects, and makes a distinction between chronic (long-term) and acute (short-term) effects.4.3 This guide describes
19、 data sources and procedures for deriving acceptable concentrations in aircraft passenger cabins. Theacceptable concentrations are based on characterization of risk of chronic and acute inhalation exposure. Risk characterization alsoincludes an assessment of potential odor problems.4.4 An eight-step
20、 procedure is described for deriving an acceptable level for an airborne contaminant in aircraft cabins thatconsiders both chronic and acute effects. The steps are:4.4.1 Select population to be considered;4.4.2 Choose effects to be considered;4.4.3 Develop a summary of standards/guidelines and healt
21、h effects data;4.4.4 Develop scenarios for exposure;4.4.5 Select risk levels of concern;4.4.6 Calculate level of concern for each selected effect;4.4.7 Determine an acceptable concentration for aircraft cabins; and4.4.8 Compare acceptable concentration with existing information.4.5 Guidance also is
22、provided on development of a report that summarizes the methodology and underlying assumptions, anddescribes implications of results, including limitations.5. Significance and Use5.1 Although cabin air quality has been measured on numerous occasions and in many studies, there is very little guidance
23、available for interpreting such data. Guidance for identifying contaminants and associated exposure levels that would causeconcern in aircraft cabins is very limited. FAA Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 25) constitute the only source of regulatoryguidance that explicitly applies to the aircraft cabi
24、n environment. The FAA standards, however, define acceptable exposure limitsfor a limited number of chemical contaminants (ozone, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide). Another limitation of the FAAstandards is that these are design standards only and are not operational standards; thus, once an airc
25、raft is put in service thesestandards are not strictly applicable.5.2 Measurements of aircraft cabin air quality often lead to a much larger list of volatile and semi-volatile organic chemicalsof potential concern. Exposures to these chemicals, however, are largely unregulated outside of the industr
26、ial workplace.5.3 An important feature of the aircraft cabin environment is that both passengers (public) and flight attendants (workerpopulation) occupy it simultaneously. Therefore, workplace exposure guidelines cannot simply be extended to address exposuresin aircraft cabin environment. Also, the
27、 length of flights and work shifts can vary considerably for flight attendants.5.4 Contaminant levels of concern for the general public must account for the non-homogeneity of the population (for example,address sensitive individuals, the differences between passenger and crew activity levels, locat
28、ion, health status, personalmicroenvironment). Levels of concern associated with industrial workplace exposures typically consider a population of healthyadults exposed for 40 h per week (1).4Consequently, exposure criteria developed to protect public health typically are morestringent than those fo
29、r workers.5.4.1 Given that the aircraft cabin environment must meet the needs of passengers as well as crew, a more stringentconcentration level based upon the general population would protect both.5.4.2 Aircraft cabin air quality must be addressed both during flight and on the ground because the co
30、nditions during flight aremuch different than when the aircraft is on the ground.6. Exposure and Effects6.1 Concepts of Exposure and Dose:6.1.1 Exposure is defined as human contact with a chemical or physical agent (see Terminology E943). Exposure via theinhalation route, of interest in this guide,
31、can be expressed as the product of airborne concentration times the duration of exposure,provided that the concentration remains constant during the time period of interest. If the airborne concentration varies over time,then exposure is defined as the area under the curve (integral of all the finit
32、e or momentary concentrations) obtained whenconcentration values are plotted against time. Exposure is expressed as concentration multiplied by time with resultant units such4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.D7034 112as ppm-h or mg/m3-h.
33、 The relevant exposure measure depends on the type of biological effect. Some effects, for example, allergicsensitization, may depend more on frequency of peak exposure above a certain limit than on the exposure measures described here.6.1.2 Dose is the quantity of chemical or physical agent that en
34、ters an organism or target organ (see Terminology E609), withunits such as mg. Dose also can be expressed as a rate, with mass/time units such as mg/day. The dose rate can be normalized inrelation to body mass, with units such as mg/kg-day. A specific term that often is used in risk characterization
35、 is potential inhaleddosethe product of average concentration in an environment (mg/m3) times the duration in the environment (h) times the averagebreathing rate while in the environment (m3/h), commonly expressed in mass units such as mg.6.1.3 Chronic exposure generally refers to a long-term perspe
36、ctive such as repeated exposures or the cumulative exposure formore than 3 months.6.1.4 Acute exposure refers to a short-term exposure to a substance occurring from a single incident or over a period less than24 h. In the case of occupational exposures, exposure limits have been defined for certain
37、chemicals for 8-h workday periods andshort-term, 15-min periods.6.2 Chronic Effects:6.2.1 The risk of cancer, due to lifetime exposure to a contaminant, typically is calculated using the slope for the low-dose linearportion of the dose-response curve for the contaminant. For cancer, a threshold for
38、dose-response may not be known or, if one doesexist, it may be very low and cannot be reliably identified. If the slope for the low-dose linear portion of the dose-response curvefor the contaminant is unknown or uncharacterized, methodologies are available in the peer-reviewed literature to approxim
39、ate thedose-response curve (2).6.2.2 For chronic toxic effects other than cancer, one generally accepted procedure used for evaluating health effects involvesidentifying the highest exposure among all experimental studies at which no toxic effect has been observed, that is, the “noobserved adverse e
40、ffect level” or NOAEL. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has developed chronic andnon-chronic inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs) for some contaminants for comparison with the average concentration towhich an individual has been exposed over a relatively long period; the sub-ch
41、ronic RfCs pertain to exposures of less than 7 years(3). Minimum risk levels (MRLs) have been derived by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) forchronic exposure periods of 365 days and longer (4).6.3 Acute Effects:6.3.1 Specific guidelines available for considering acute eff
42、ects of exposure to contaminants in air are quite limited. Minimumrisk levels (MRLs) have been derived for acute exposures of one day to 14 days (4). Other guidelines such as Acute ExposureGuidelines Levels (AEGLs) developed by the National Advisory Committee Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Haza
43、rdousSubstances (NAC/AEGL Committee) are applicable only for one-time, short-term hazardous exposures during chemicalemergency situations (5). For occupational settings, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developsand recommends criteria for preventing disease or hazard
44、ous conditions. NIOSH recommended exposure limits (NIOSH RELs)are expressed as a time-weighted average for up to 10 h/day during a 40-h workweek. The NIOSH RELs are also expressed asa short-term exposure limit (STEL) that should never be exceeded over a specified timeusually 15 min or as ceiling lim
45、it thatshould never be exceeded even instantaneously (6). In conjunction with recommendations from NIOSH, the Occupational Safetyand (ii) the lower pressure could cause adverse effects or could exacerbate effect(s) of chemicals. These effects ofpressure should be considered for chemicals for which s
46、uch data are available.6.8.2 There is a possibility that the flow rate of sampling pumps under reduced pressures may vary from a value pre-set andcalibrated under different pressure conditions (for example, at sea-level). The manufacturer should be consulted to determinewhether a specific pump type
47、is affected, or preferably, the pumps should be calibrated under the conditions of use. Certain typesof flow meters (for example, rotometers) are strongly affected by pressure differences, and should either not be used, or should becalibrated under the conditions of use (It may also be possible to c
48、alculate the magnitude of the effect for a specific pressure andapply a correction to the reading.). Rotometers provided with certain types of pumps are for flow indication purposes only andcannot be used for accurate measurement of flow rate.7. Procedure7.1 Select Population to be Considered:7.1.1
49、Afirst step in deriving an acceptable level for an airborne contaminant in aircraft cabins is to select the population to whichsuch levels will apply. Two major population groups in aircraft cabins are the cabin crew and the passengers. If the selectedpopulation were the cabin crew, then occupational guidelines would be influential in determining the acceptable level. However,occupational guidelines need to take into account the atmosphere at cruise conditions rather than ground-level environments. Onthe other hand, if only the passenger population is of interest, then public heal
