1、Designation: D7034 11D7034 18Standard Guide forDeriving Acceptable Levels of Airborne ChemicalContaminants in Aircraft Cabins Based on Health andComfort Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7034; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides methodology to assist in interpreting resu
3、lts of air quality measurements conducted in aircraft cabins.In particular, the guide describes methodology for deriving acceptable concentrations for airborne chemical contaminants, basedon health and comfort considerations.1.2 The procedures for deriving acceptable concentrations are based on cons
4、iderations of comfort and health effects, includingodor and irritant effects, of individual chemical contaminants being evaluated. The guide does not provide specific benchmark orguidance values for individual chemicals to compare with results of air quality measurements.1.3 Chemical contaminant exp
5、osures under both routine and episodic conditions for passengers and crew are considered.1.4 This guide does not address airborne microbiological contaminants, which are also important in consideration of aircraftcabin air quality. This guide also does not address methodologies for investigations of
6、 air quality complaints.1.5 This guide assumes that a list of chemical contaminants of potential concern has been developed based on existingconcentration, emission, or material composition data.1.6 The primary information resources for developing acceptable concentrations are databases and document
7、s maintained orpublished by cognizant authorities or organizations concerned with health effects of exposure to contaminants.1.7 Acceptable concentrations developed through this guide may be used as a basis for selecting test methods with adequatereliability and sensitivity to assess the acceptabili
8、ty of aircraft cabin environments.1.8 Procedures described in this guide should be carried out in consultation with qualified toxicologists and health effectsspecialists to ensure that acceptable concentrations developed are consistent with the current scientific understanding andknowledge base.1.9
9、The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appr
10、opriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory requirementslimitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on
11、Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD6399 Guide for Selecti
12、ng Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft CabinsE609 Terminology Relating to PesticidesE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommi
13、ttee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved March 1, 2011April 15, 2018. Published March 2011June 2018. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asD7034 05.D7034 11. DOI: 10.1520/D7034-11.10.1520/D7034-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, ww
14、w.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wh
15、at changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered th
16、e official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other Standards:314 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety Andand Health Standards40 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards3. Termin
17、ology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminologies D1356, E609, and E943.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide methodology for interpretation of air quality data obtained by measurementsconducted in aircraft cabins.Acceptable concentratio
18、ns developed through this guide may also be used as a basis for selecting testmethods with adequate reliability and sensitivity for measuring cabin air quality.4.2 To provide a background for assessment of cabin air quality, the guide summarizes information on the concepts of exposure,dose, and rela
19、ted health effects, and makes a distinction between chronic (long-term) and acute (short-term) effects.4.3 This guide describes data sources and procedures for deriving acceptable concentrations in aircraft passenger cabins. Theacceptable concentrations are based on characterization of risk of chron
20、ic and acute inhalation exposure. Risk characterization alsoincludes an assessment of potential odor problems.4.4 An eight-step procedure is described for deriving an acceptable level for an airborne contaminant in aircraft cabins thatconsiders both chronic and acute effects. The steps are:4.4.1 Sel
21、ect population to be considered;4.4.2 Choose effects to be considered;4.4.3 Develop a summary of standards/guidelines and health effects data;4.4.4 Develop scenarios for exposure;4.4.5 Select risk levels of concern;4.4.6 Calculate level of concern for each selected effect;4.4.7 Determine an acceptab
22、le concentration for aircraft cabins; and4.4.8 Compare acceptable concentration with existing information.4.5 Guidance also is provided on development of a report that summarizes the methodology and underlying assumptions, anddescribes implications of results, including limitations.5. Significance a
23、nd Use5.1 Although cabin air quality has been measured on numerous occasions and in many studies, there is very little guidanceavailable for interpreting such data. Guidance for identifying contaminants and associated exposure levels that would causeconcern in aircraft cabins is very limited. FAA Fe
24、deral Aviation Administration (FAA) Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 25)constitute the only source of provide regulatory guidance that explicitly applies to the aircraft cabin environment. The FAAstandards, however, define acceptable exposure limits for a limited number of chemical contaminants (ozon
25、e, carbon dioxide, andcarbon monoxide). Another limitation of the FAA standards is that these are design standards only and are not operationalstandards; thus, once an aircraft is put in service these standards are not strictly applicable.5.2 Measurements of aircraft cabin air quality often lead to
26、a much larger list of volatile and semi-volatile organic chemicalsof potential concern. Exposures to these chemicals, however, are largely unregulated outside of the industrial workplace.5.3 An important feature of the aircraft cabin environment is that both passengers (public) and flight attendants
27、 (workerpopulation) occupy it simultaneously. Therefore, workplace exposure guidelines cannot simply be extended to address exposuresin aircraft cabin environment. Also, the length of flights and work shifts can vary considerably for flight attendants.5.4 Contaminant levels of concern for the genera
28、l public must account for the non-homogeneity of the population (for example,address sensitive individuals, the differences between passenger and crew activity levels, location, health status, personalmicroenvironment). Levels of concern associated with industrial workplace exposures typically consi
29、der a population of healthyadults exposed for 40 h per week (1).4 Consequently, exposure criteria developed to protect public health typically are morestringent than those for workers.5.4.1 Given that the aircraft cabin environment must meet the needs of passengers as well as crew, a more stringentc
30、oncentration level based upon the general population would protect both.5.4.2 Aircraft cabin air quality must be addressed both during flight and on the ground because the conditions during flight aremuch different than when the aircraft is on the ground.3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Off
31、ice, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.20401-0001,http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.D7034 1826. Exposure and Effects6.1 Concepts of Exposure and Dose:6.1.1
32、 Exposure is defined as human contact with a chemical or physical agent (see Terminology E943). Exposure via theinhalation route, of interest in this guide, can be expressed as the product of airborne concentration times the duration of exposure,provided that the concentration remains constant durin
33、g the time period of interest. If the airborne concentration varies over time,then exposure is defined as the area under the curve (integral of all the finite or momentary concentrations) obtained whenconcentration values are plotted against time. Exposure is expressed as concentration multiplied by
34、 time with resultant units suchas ppm-h or mg/m3-h. The relevant exposure measure depends on the type of biological effect. Some effects, for example, allergicsensitization, may depend more on frequency of peak exposure above a certain limit than on the exposure measures described here.6.1.2 Dose is
35、 the quantity of chemical or physical agent that enters an organism or target organ (see Terminology E609), withunits such as mg. Dose also can be expressed as a rate, with mass/time units such as mg/day. The dose rate can be normalized inrelation to body mass, with units such as mg/kg-day. A specif
36、ic term that often is used in risk characterization is potential inhaleddosethe product of average concentration in an environment (mg/m3) times the duration in the environment (h) times the averagebreathing rate while in the environment (m3/h), commonly expressed in mass units such as mg.6.1.3 Chro
37、nic exposure generally refers to a long-term perspective such as repeated exposures or the cumulative exposure formore than 3 months.6.1.4 Acute exposure refers to a short-term exposure to a substance occurring from a single incident or over a period less than24 h. In the case of occupational exposu
38、res, exposure limits have been defined for certain chemicals for 8-h workday periods andshort-term, 15-min periods.6.2 Chronic Effects:6.2.1 The risk of cancer, due to lifetime exposure to a contaminant, typically is calculated using the slope for the low-dose linearportion of the dose-response curv
39、e for the contaminant. For cancer, a threshold for dose-response may not be known or, if one doesexist, it may be very low and cannot be reliably identified. If the slope for the low-dose linear portion of the dose-response curvefor the contaminant is unknown or uncharacterized, methodologies are av
40、ailable in the peer-reviewed literature to approximate thedose-response curve (2).6.2.2 For chronic toxic effects other than cancer, one generally accepted procedure used for evaluating health effects involvesidentifying the highest exposure among all experimental studies at which no toxic effect ha
41、s been observed, that is, the “noobserved adverse effect level” or NOAEL. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has developed chronic andnon-chronic inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs) for some contaminants for comparison with the average concentration towhich an individual has bee
42、n exposed over a relatively long period; the sub-chronic RfCs pertain to exposures of less than 7 years(3). Minimum risk levels (MRLs) have been derived by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) forchronic exposure periods of 365 days and longer (4).6.3 Acute Effects:6.3.1 Spec
43、ific guidelines available for considering acute effects of exposure to contaminants in air are quite limited. Minimumrisk levels (MRLs) have been derived for acute exposures of one day to 14 days (4). Other guidelines such as Acute ExposureGuidelines Levels (AEGLs) developed by the National Advisory
44、 Committee Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for HazardousSubstances (NAC/AEGL Committee) are applicable only for one-time, short-term hazardous exposures during chemicalemergency situations (5). For occupational settings, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developsand r
45、ecommends criteria for preventing disease or hazardous conditions. NIOSH recommended exposure limits (NIOSH RELs)are expressed as a time-weighted average for up to 10 h/day during a 40-h workweek. The NIOSH RELs are also expressed asa short-term exposure limit (STEL) that should never be exceeded ov
46、er a specified timeusually 15 min or as ceiling limit thatshould never be exceeded even instantaneously (6). In conjunction with recommendations from NIOSH, the Occupational Safetyand (ii2) the lower pressure could cause adverse effects or could exacerbate effect(s) of chemicals.These effects of pre
47、ssure should be considered for chemicals for which such data are available.6.8.2 There is a possibility that the flow rate of sampling pumps under reduced pressures may vary from a value pre-set andcalibrated under different pressure conditions (for example, at sea-level). The manufacturer should be
48、 consulted to determinewhether a specific pump type is affected, or preferably, the pumps should be calibrated under the conditions of use. Certain typesof flow meters (for example, rotometers) are strongly affected by pressure differences, and should either not be used, or should becalibrated under
49、 the conditions of useuse. (It may also be possible to calculate the magnitude of the effect for a specific pressureand apply a correction to the reading.).reading.) Rotometers provided with certain types of pumps are for flow indication purposesonly and cannot be used for accurate measurement of flow rate.7. Procedure7.1 Select Population to be Considered:7.1.1 Afirst step in deriving an acceptable level for an airborne contaminant in aircraft cabins is to select the population to whichsuch levels will apply. Two major population groups in aircraft cabins are the cabin crew
