1、Designation: D 7045 04Standard Guide forOptimization of Ground Water Monitoring Constituents forDetection Monitoring Programs for RCRA Waste DisposalFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides a general method of selectingeffective consti
3、tuents for detection monitoring programs atRCRA Waste Disposal Facilities. The process described in thisstandard presents a methodology that takes into considerationphysical and chemical characteristics of the source material(s),the surrounding hydrogeologic regime, and site-specificgeochemistry to
4、identify and select those parameters thatprovide most effective detection of a potential release from awaste management unit (WMU).1.2 In the following sections, complete details of evaluationof effective monitoring constituents for a groundwaterdetection-monitoring program were based on site-specif
5、icwaste characterization.1.3 The statistical methodology described in the followingsections should be used as guidance. Other methods may alsobe appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for moni-toring situations or media that are not presented in thisdocument.1.4 This practice offers an org
6、anized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education,experience and professional judgements. Not all aspects of thispractice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTMstandard is not intended to repr
7、esent or replace the standard ofcare by which the adequacy of a given professional servicemust be judged without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word standard in the title of this documentonly means that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.5 This st
8、andard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
9、1 ASTM Standards:2D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectiveD 6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-proaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Pro-grams3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 detecti
10、on monitoring programa program of moni-toring for the expressed purpose of determining whether or notthere has been a release of contaminant to groundwater. UnderRCRA, Detection Monitoring involves collection of ground-water samples from compliance point and upgradient monitor-ing wells on a semi-an
11、nual basis for analysis of hazardousconstituents of concern, as specified under 40 CFR 264.98.Results are evaluated to determine if there is a statisticallysignificant exceedance of the ground-water protection criteriaand/or background. At non-RCRA sites, monitoring is con-ducted in a similar manner
12、 and results are compared to criteriato determine if there is a statistically significant exceedance.3.1.2 indicator constituentsa class of analytes that, whendetected in significant concentrations, provide an indication ofa change in organic or inorganic geochemistry that may befrom a waste source
13、and supports further characterization.3.1.3 leachatea liquid that has passed through or emergedfrom solid waste and contains soluble, suspended, or misciblematerials removed from such waste.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility o
14、f Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 nonparametric a term referring to a statistical tech-nique in which the probability distribution of the constituen
16、t inthe population is unknown or is not restricted to be of aspecified form.3.1.5 nonparametric prediction limitthe largest (or sec-ond largest) of n background samples. The confidence levelassociated with the nonparametric prediction limit is a functionof n, m, and k.3.1.6 outliera measurement that
17、 is statistically inconsis-tent with the distribution of other measurements from which itwas drawn.3.1.7 practical quantitation limit (PQL)the lowest levelthat can reliably achieved with specified limits of precision andaccuracy during routine laboratory operating conditions.3.1.8 qualified groundwa
18、ter scientist (QGWS)a scientistor engineer who has received a baccalaureate or postgraduatedegree in the natural sciences or engineering and has sufficienttraining in groundwater hydrology and related fields as may bedemonstrated by state registration, professional certifications,or completion of ac
19、credited university programs that enable theindividual to make sound professional judgments regardinggroundwater monitoring, contaminant fate and transport, andcorrective action.3.1.9 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA)PL 94-580. Found at 40 CFR 240-271. EnactedNovember 21, 1976 and amended
20、 since, RCRAs majoremphasis is the control of hazardous waste disposal. It controlsall solid-waste disposal and encourages recycling and alterna-tive energy sources.3.1.10 upper confidence limit (UCL)an upper limit thathas a specified probability (for example, 95 %) of including thetrue concentratio
21、n (or other parameter). Taken together withlower confidence limit, forms a confidence interval that willinclude the true concentration with confidence level thataccounts for both tail areas.3.1.11 upper limit (UL)an upper limit of a data set ofpopulation (n) that may be statistically or non-statisti
22、callybased.3.1.12 waste management unit (WMU)a permitted wastedisposal unit or temporary containment structure that is de-signed and constructed to inhibit the migration of wastes to theadjacent environment.3.2 Symbols:3.2.1 nthe number of background (offsite or upgradient)measurements.3.2.2 kthe nu
23、mber of future comparisons for a singlemonitoring event (for example, the number of downgradientmonitoring wells multiplied by the number of constituents tobe monitored) for which statistics are to be computed.3.2.3 mthe number of onsite or downgradient measure-ments used in computing the onsite mea
24、n concentration.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The guide is summarized as figures shown in Figs. 1-3.These figures provides a flow-chart illustrating the steps usedin characterizing the source material, collecting backgrounddata, establishing an upper limit for each analyte included inthe program, and/or es
25、tablishing effective monitoring constitu-ents that will provide an indication of whether the WMU ispotentially impacting surface and groundwater in the vicinityof the unit.5. Significance and Use5.1 The principal use of this standard is in the identificationof effective groundwater monitoring consti
26、tuents for adetection-monitoring program. The significance of the guide isto minimize the false positive rate for the facility by onlymonitoring those constituents that are intrinsic to the wastemass and eliminate those constituents that are present inbackground in concentrations that confound evalu
27、ation fromdowngradient wells.5.2 Federal, state and local regulations require large genericlists of constituents to be monitored in an effort to detect arelease from a WMU. However, identification and selection ofparameters based on site-specific physical and chemical con-ditions are in many cases a
28、lso acceptable to regulatory agenciesand result in a more effective and environmentally protectivegroundwater monitoring system.5.2.1 Naturally occurring soil and groundwater constituentswithin and near a WMU area should be determined prior to thedevelopment of a monitoring program. This is importan
29、t in theselection of site-specific constituents lists and avoiding diffi-culties with a regulatory authority regarding sources of moni-tored constituents.5.2.2 Site-specific lists of constituents relative to the WMUwill provide for the regulator those constituents which willeffectively measure the p
30、erformance of a WMU rather than theuse of a generic list that could include naturally occurringconstituents as well as those not present in the WMU.5.3 Site-specific constituent lists often result in fewer moni-tored constituents (that is, monitoring programs are optimized).This process is critical
31、to the overall success of the monitoringprogram for the following reasons:5.3.1 The reduction of the monitoring constituents to onlythose found or expected to be found or derived from site-specific source material will reduce the number of false-positive results since only those parameters that coul
32、d indicatea release are monitored.5.3.2 The use of constituents that contrast significantly tobackground groundwater eliminates those that could lead toerroneous results merely due to temporal and spatial variabilityof components found in the natural geochemistry of theupper-most water-bearing zone.
33、5.3.3 Where statistics are required, fewer statistical com-parisons through well and constituent optimization enhancesthe statistical power (or effectiveness) of the monitoringprogram (Gibbons, 1994; USEPA, July 1992).5.3.4 Eliminating the cost of unnecessary laboratory analy-ses produces a more eff
34、icient and cost-effective monitoringprogram and minimizes the effort required by both the localenforcement agency and the owner/operator to respond (eitherwith correspondence or additional field/laboratory efforts) toerroneous detection decisions.5.4 This type of approach is acceptable to regulatory
35、 agen-cies arid applicable under most groundwater monitoring pro-grams under RCRA regulations. For example, in determiningthe alternate constituent list at Solid Waste Facilities, 40 CFRD7045042258.54(a)(l) allows for deletion of 40 CFR 258 Appendix Iconstituents if it can be shown that the removed
36、constituentsare not reasonably expected to be in or derived from the wastecontained in the unit. 40 CFR 258(a)(2) allows approved Statesto establish an alternate list of inorganic parameters in lieu ofall or some of the heavy metals (constituents 1-14 in AppendixI to Part 258), if the alternative co
37、nstituents provide a reliableindication of inorganic releases from the unit to groundwater.FIG. 1 Phase IIndicator Parameter IdentificationD70450435.5 The framework for this standard is generally based onthe guidelines established under 40 CFR 258.54(a)(l) to opti-mize a groundwater-monitoring netwo
38、rk in such a manner as tostill provide an early warning system of a release from theWMU. This guidance document is, however, applicable for allWMU, not just those associated with solid waste disposalfacilities. In determining the alternative constituents, consider-ation must be made for: (1) the typ
39、es, quantities, and concen-trations of constituents in wastes managed at the wastemanagement unit (or WMU); (2) the mobility, stability, andpersistence of waste constituents in the unsaturated zoneFIG. 1 Phase IIndicator Parameter Identification (continued)D7045044beneath the WMU; (3) the detectabil
40、ity of indicator param-eters, waste constituents, and reaction products in groundwater;and (4) the concentration or contrast between monitoringconstituents in leachate and in background groundwater.5.6 An essential factor in this guide is the knowledge of thequality of the potential source material
41、for example, the typesand concentrations of liquid or other leachable wastes (that is,leachate) within the WMU. The characterization of the sourcematerial is critical in determining an optimum set of indicatorparameters that provide an early warning system of a releasefrom the unit. Details for the
42、appropriate levels of effortrequired to characterize the waste stream or source(s) in theFIG. 2 Phase IIGeochemical Properties EvaluationD7045045WMU are not included within this guidance document. Wastestream and/or source data collected by the owner/operator aswell as liquid data from key collectio
43、n points (that is, sumps ornatural gravity drain collection points) are an integral part ofany waste characterization process.5.7 Another key factor to be used in this guide is knowledgeof background quality of groundwater unaffected by the WMUand knowledge of local sources other than the WMU that m
44、aypresently be impacting groundwater quality. The main objec-tive then is to choose those constituents that are derived fromthe WMU (for example, are present in the leachate or residualliquids) at much higher concentrations than groundwaterand/or that are only present in the waste or waste residuum
45、(forexample, leachate) and absent in groundwater. The analyteschosen must also be mobile, persistent, and easily quantifiablein the specific hydrogeologic and groundwater regime.FIG. 3 Monitoring Program ImplementationD70450466. Procedure6.1 This practice is used to identify and select site-specific
46、monitoring constituents. The practice requires site-specificcharacterization of the liquids derived from the source (that is,leachate) and background groundwater geochemistry (that is,the types, quantities, and concentrations of constituents presentin the WMU). First, comparison of maximum detected
47、leachateconstituents to background prediction limits are used as a“first-order” process to identify indicator parameters inleachate that contrast significantly to background groundwaterquality. Next, a mixing model is used as a “second-order”process, if necessary, to further identify analytes that a
48、re bestsuited for the detection-monitoring program based on sitehydrogeology (that is, groundwater flow rates). Finally, otherprocesses, primarily geochemical chemical interactions, can beaddressed as a “third order screening process” for those sitesthat have adequately completed the first two proce
49、sses anddesire a more representative subset of the source material.Once a suitable list of site specific constituents is identified, aQGWS can select and propose a final analyte list for thedetection-monitoring program at the WMU. A sequential flowchart has been included as Attachment 1 to provide a means tofollow the constituent optimization program outlined in thisstandard.6.2 Source Characterization:6.2.1 As a first-order screening process, the owner/operatorneeds to determine if sufficient source characterization dataexists to be able to define (that is, fi
