1、Designation: D7045 17Standard Guide forOptimization of Groundwater Monitoring Constituents forDetection Monitoring Programs for Waste DisposalFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard provides a general method of selectingeffective constituents f
3、or detection monitoring programs atWaste Disposal Facilities. The process described in this stan-dard presents a methodology that takes into considerationphysical and chemical characteristics of the source material(s),the surrounding hydrogeologic regime, and site-specific geo-chemistry to identify
4、and select those parameters that providemost effective detection of a potential release from a wastemanagement unit (WMU).1.2 In the following sections, details of an evaluation ofeffective monitoring constituents for a groundwater detection-monitoring program were based on site-specific waste chara
5、c-terization.1.3 The statistical methodology described in the followingsections should be used as guidance. Other methods may alsobe appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for moni-toring situations or media that are not presented in thisstandard.1.4 This guide offers an organized collecti
6、on of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education, experienceand professional judgements. Not all aspects of this guide maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the
7、 standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judgedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. Theword standard in the title of this document only means that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.1.5 This standard does not purp
8、ort to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D6
9、53 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-proaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring Pro-grams at
10、 Waste Disposal Facilities3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions of technical termsused in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 leachatea liquid that has passed through or emergedfrom solid waste and contains soluble, suspende
11、d, or misciblematerials removed from such waste.3.2.2 outliera measurement that is statistically inconsis-tent with the distribution of other measurements from which itwas drawn.3.2.3 practical quantitation limit (PQL)the lowest levelthat can reliably achieved with specified limits of precision anda
12、ccuracy during routine laboratory operating conditions.3.2.4 qualified groundwater scientist (QGWS)a scientistor engineer who has received a baccalaureate or postgraduatedegree in the natural sciences or engineering and has sufficienttraining in groundwater hydrology and related fields as may bedemo
13、nstrated by state registration, professional certifications,or completion of accredited university programs that enable theindividual to make sound professional judgments regardinggroundwater monitoring, contaminant fate and transport, andcorrective action.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofAST
14、M Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D704504 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D7045
15、-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
16、standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment
17、of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.5 upper confidence limit (UCL)an upper limit that hasa specified probability (for example, 95 %) of including thetrue concentration (or other parameter). Tak
18、en together withlower confidence limit, forms a confidence interval that willinclude the true concentration with confidence level thataccounts for both tail areas.3.2.6 upper limit (UL)an upper limit of a data set ofpopulation (n) that may be statistically or non-statisticallybased.3.2.7 waste manag
19、ement unit (WMU)a permitted wastedisposal unit or temporary containment structure that is de-signed and constructed to inhibit the migration of wastes to theadjacent environment.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The guide is summarized as figures shown in Figs. 1-3.These figures provide a flow-chart illustrati
20、ng the steps used incharacterizing the source material, collecting background data,establishing an upper limit for each analyte included in theprogram, and/or establishing effective monitoring constituentsthat will provide an indication of whether the WMU ispotentially impacting surface and groundwa
21、ter in the vicinityof the unit.5. Significance and Use5.1 The principal use of this standard is in the identificationof effective groundwater monitoring constituents for adetection-monitoring program. The significance of the guide isto minimize the false positive rate for the facility by onlymonitor
22、ing those constituents that are intrinsic to the wastemass and eliminate those constituents that are present inbackground in concentrations that confound evaluation fromdowngradient wells.5.2 Governing regulations require large generic lists ofconstituents to be monitored in an effort to detect a re
23、leasefrom a WMU. However, identification and selection of param-eters based on site-specific physical and chemical conditionsare in many cases also acceptable to regulatory agencies andresult in a more effective and environmentally protectivegroundwater monitoring system.5.2.1 Naturally occurring so
24、il and groundwater constituentswithin and near a WMU area should be determined prior to thedevelopment of a monitoring program. This is important in theselection of site-specific constituents lists and avoiding diffi-culties with a regulatory authority regarding sources of moni-tored constituents.5.
25、2.2 Site-specific lists of constituents relative to the WMUwill provide for the regulator those constituents which willeffectively measure the performance of a WMU rather than theuse of a generic list that could include naturally occurringconstituents as well as those not present in the WMU.5.3 Site
26、-specific constituent lists often result in fewer moni-tored constituents (that is, monitoring programs are optimized).This process is critical to the overall success of the monitoringprogram for the following reasons:5.3.1 The reduction of the monitoring constituents to onlythose found or expected
27、to be found or derived from site-specific source material will reduce the number of false-positive results since only those parameters that could indicatea release are monitored.5.3.2 The use of constituents that contrast significantly tobackground groundwater eliminates those that could lead toerro
28、neous results merely due to temporal and spatial variabilityof components found in the natural geochemistry of theupper-most water-bearing zone.5.3.3 Where statistics are required, fewer statistical com-parisons through well and constituent optimization enhancesthe statistical power (or effectivenes
29、s) of the monitoringprogram (Gibbons, 1994; USEPA, April 1998).5.3.4 Eliminating the cost of unnecessary laboratory analy-ses produces a more efficient and cost-effective monitoringprogram and minimizes the effort needed by both the localenforcement agency and the owner/operator to respond (eitherwi
30、th correspondence or additional field/laboratory efforts) toerroneous detection decisions.5.4 This type of approach is acceptable to regulatory agen-cies arid applicable under most groundwater monitoring pro-grams.NOTE 1For example, in the United States, determining the alternateconstituent list at
31、Solid Waste Facilities, 40 CFR 258.54(a)(l) allows fordeletion of 40 CFR 258Appendix I constituents if it can be shown that theremoved constituents are not reasonably expected to be in or derived fromthe waste contained in the unit. 40 CFR 258(a)(2) allows approved Statesto establish an alternate li
32、st of inorganic parameters in lieu of all or someof the heavy metals (constituents 1-14 in Appendix I to Part 258), if thealternative constituents provide a reliable indication of inorganic releasesfrom the unit to groundwater.5.5 The framework for this standard is generally based onthe guidelines e
33、stablished under 40 CFR 258.54(a)(l) to opti-mize a groundwater-monitoring network in such a manner as tostill provide an early warning system of a release from theWMU. This guidance document is, however, applicable formost WMU, not just those associated with solid waste disposalfacilities. In deter
34、mining the alternative constituents, consider-ation must be made for: (1) the types, quantities, and concen-trations of constituents in wastes managed at the wastemanagement unit (or WMU); (2) the mobility, stability, andpersistence of waste constituents in the unsaturated zonebeneath the WMU; (3) t
35、he detectability of indicatorparameters, waste constituents, and reaction products ingroundwater; and (4) the concentration or contrast betweenmonitoring constituents in leachate and in background ground-water.5.6 An essential factor in this guide is the knowledge of thequality of the potential sour
36、ce material for example, the typesand concentrations of liquid or other leachable wastes (that is,leachate) within the WMU. The characterization of the sourcematerial is critical in determining an optimum set of indicatorparameters that provide an early warning system of a releasefrom the unit. Deta
37、ils for the appropriate levels of effort tocharacterize the waste stream or source(s) in the WMU are notincluded within this guidance document. Waste stream and/orsource data collected by the owner/operator as well as liquiddata from key collection points (that is, sumps or naturalgravity drain coll
38、ection points) are an integral part of any wastecharacterization process.D7045 1725.7 Another key factor to be used in this guide is knowledgeof background quality of groundwater unaffected by the WMUand knowledge of local sources other than the WMU that maypresently be impacting groundwater quality
39、. The main objec-tive then is to choose those constituents that are derived fromthe WMU (for example, are present in the leachate or residualliquids) at much higher concentrations than groundwaterand/or that are only present in the waste or waste residuum (forFIG. 1 Phase IIndicator Parameter Identi
40、ficationD7045 173example, leachate) and absent in groundwater. The analyteschosen must also be mobile, persistent, and easily quantifiablein the specific hydrogeologic and groundwater regime.6. Procedure6.1 This guide is used to identify and select site-specificmonitoring constituents. The practice
41、requires site-specificcharacterization of the liquids derived from the source (that is,leachate) and background groundwater geochemistry (that is,the types, quantities, and concentrations of constituents presentin the WMU). First, comparison of maximum detected leachateconstituents to background pre
42、diction limits are used as a“first-order” process to identify indicator parameters inleachate that contrast significantly to background groundwaterquality. Next, a mixing model is used as a “second-order”process, if necessary, to further identify analytes that are bestFIG. 1 Phase IIndicator Paramet
43、er Identification (continued)D7045 174suited for the detection-monitoring program based on sitehydrogeology (that is, groundwater flow rates). Finally, otherprocesses, primarily geochemical chemical interactions, can beaddressed as a “third order screening process” for those sitesthat have adequatel
44、y completed the first two processes anddesire a more representative subset of the source material.Once a suitable list of site specific constituents is identified, aQGWS can select and propose an analyte list for the detection-monitoring program at the WMU. A sequential flow chart hasbeen included a
45、sAttachment 1 to provide a means to follow theconstituent optimization program outlined in this standard.FIG. 2 Phase IIGeochemical Properties EvaluationD7045 1756.2 Source Characterization:6.2.1 As a first-order screening process, the owner/operatorneeds to determine if sufficient source characteri
46、zation dataexists to be able to define (that is, fingerprint) the liquid, or themore mobile, waste stream contained within the WMU. For thepurposes of this standard, we refer to liquids derived from theWMU as leachate. Leachate is a complex matrix containing avariety of soluble, insoluble, organic,
47、inorganic, ionic,nonionic, and bacteriological constituents in an aqueous me-dium. Leachate usually is more than 99 % water.6.2.2 Leachate characterization should include an assess-ment and demonstration of the quantity and composition ofleachate contained within the WMU. Estimates of volumetricprod
48、uction rates of leachate are important in evaluating the fateand transport of the constituents. Leachate production ratesdepend on rainfall, run-on, run-off, evapo-transpiration, waterFIG. 3 Monitoring Program ImplementationD7045 176table elevation relative to the bottom of the WMU, in-placemoisture
49、 or water content of the waste, and the volumetricin-flow of free liquids into the WMU (if allowed by localpermit). An often overlooked source of water is that derivedfrom the compression (settlement) of the waste and/or naturalsoils.6.2.3 If leachate composition data that are representative oftheWMU (or historical waste contained within the unit) are notavailable, then leachate data with a similar expected composi-tion should be compiled.NOTE 2EPA530-R-93-017 provides one means of how to compile thedata.6.2.4 A review of existing literature for similar wastem
