1、Designation: D7069 04 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forField Quality Assurance in a Groundwater Sampling Event1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7069; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the quality assurance (QA) methodsthat may be used to assure the validity of data obtained duringth
3、e sampling of a groundwater monitoring well. QA is anyaction taken to ensure that performance requirements are metby following standards and procedures. Following QA prac-tices becomes even more critical if the data must be validatedin a court of law. Under certain conditions, it may be necessaryto
4、follow additional or different QA practices from those listedin this guide. QA practices should be based upon data qualityobjectives, site-specific conditions, and regulatory require-ments.1.2 This standard addresses QA procedures used in the fieldand does not refer to laboratory QA procedures.1.3 T
5、his standard also does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This stand
6、ard provides guidance for selecting andperforming various field QA procedures. This document cannotreplace education or experience and should be used in con-junction with professional judgement. Not all of the proceduresare applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to repres
7、ent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through t
8、he ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5608 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Low Level Radioactive Waste SitesD590
9、3 Guide for Planning and Preparing for a GroundwaterSampling EventD6089 Guide for Documenting a Groundwater SamplingEventD6452 Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used forGroundwater Quality InvestigationsD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of GroundwaterSamplesD6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Gro
10、undwater SamplesD6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling forWells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-tigations (Withdrawn 2011)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This St
11、andard:3.2.1 Note that these are basic definitions. Information onthe purposes of the various QA samples is provided in section5.3.2.2 quality assurance (QA)actions taken to ensure thatstandards and procedures are adhered to and that deliveredproducts or services meet performance requirements (refer
12、ence1).3.2.3 Field Duplicatesa set of samples that are collectedclose in time and space and in a manner so that the samples arethought to be representative of the ambient water compositionat the time of collection.3.2.4 Field Split Samples samples obtained by dividingone sample into two or more subs
13、amples either before or aftersample preservation and are subject to identical handling andanalysis.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved
14、Jan. 1, 2015. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D706904 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D7069-04R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar
15、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.5 Field Bla
16、nk or Ambient Blanklaboratory water thatis exposed to the same environmental conditions as thesamples.3.2.6 Equipment Blank or Rinsate Blankdeionized waterthat is passed sequentially through each component of theequipment system used for collecting and processing theenvironmental samples.3.2.7 Trip
17、Blank or Travel Blanklaboratory-grade waterthat is poured into the sample bottle at the laboratory prior tothe sampling event and remains unopened as is travels with thesample containers to the field and is stored and shipped withthe samples.3.2.8 Microbiological Blank or Sterile Container Blankdeio
18、nized water in a sterile container that is taken to the fieldand opened prior to being shipped to the laboratory with theother groundwater samples.3.2.9 Temperature Blank or Temperature Controlcontainerized water that is kept with the samples from the timeof collection until the samples are refriger
19、ated at the laboratory.3.2.10 Matrix Spikea groundwater sample to which aspike solution of known concentrations of selected analytes isadded either in the field or in the laboratory.4. Significance and Use4.1 Field QA demonstrates the effectiveness of field qualitycontrol procedures. Effective QA fa
20、cilitates the collection ofstatistically significant data that is defendable scientifically andin a court of law. QA also involves the use of consistentprocedures, increasing the validity of data comparison amongsampling locations and events.4.2 This guide should be used by a professional or techni-
21、cian who has training or experience in groundwater sampling.5. Procedure5.1 Field QA SamplesThere are several types of QAsamples including duplicates, blanks, temperature controls, andmatrix spikes. The numbers and types of QA samples to becollected should be specified in the Sampling and AnalysisPl
22、an (SAP). QA samples that are collected from monitoringwells should be obtained using the same method of collectionas the other samples. The same preservatives should be usedfor both the groundwater samples and the associated QAgroundwater samples.5.1.1 Field DuplicateThe field duplicate is an indep
23、en-dent sample collected as close as possible to the location of asample that is part of the sampling scheme at approximately thesame time as the sampling scheme sample. It is a widelyaccepted practice to collect one set of field duplicates for everyten samples or at least one set per sampling event
24、 if less thanten samples are collected. The field duplicate is analyzed forthe same parameters as the original sample and therefore maycomprise a set of sample containers. Duplicates should becollected in the same order each time, such as following thecollection of the original groundwater sample. T
25、his QA sampleis used to assess the analytical precision by comparing therelative percent difference in values between the sampleconcentration and the sample duplicate concentration. The fieldduplicate sample results are also an indication of the reproduc-ibility of the sampling procedures.5.1.2 Fiel
26、d Split SamplesField split samples are collectedinto a single container, then split between two or morecontainers. Splits should not be taken when the action ofsplitting could affect the concentration of the analyte(s) ofinterest. Results of split sample analyses can be used tocompare the data gener
27、ated by different laboratories or differ-ent analytical methods.5.1.3 Field Blank or Ambient BlankThis type of QAsample is a container of laboratory water which is opened inthe field to expose the water to field conditions duringsampling. This QA sample is used to determine contaminationof samples f
28、rom atmospheric conditions during sampling. Thelid is also removed to add the same preservatives found in thegroundwater samples. Some QAprograms may also require thefield blank be passed through the sampling equipment.5.1.4 Equipment Blank or Rinsate BlankThis type of QAsample is a container of lab
29、oratory water that is passed througheach piece of sampling equipment after it has been decontami-nated. The number of equipment blanks is determined by thetypes and amount of sampling equipment used in the ground-water sampling trip. The exact number of equipment blanksand the procedure for collecti
30、ng the equipment blank(s) shouldbe specified in the SAP. Equipment blank results indicate if thecontaminants have been introduced to the samples by thetransfer of residuals on the sampling equipment betweensampling locations due to incomplete decontamination. Equip-ment blanks are not required if de
31、dicated or disposablesampling equipment is used.5.1.5 Trip Blank or Travel BlankTrip blanks are preparedand sealed in the laboratory prior to the sampling event. Theseblanks contain laboratory water with preservatives as required.The blanks are not unsealed until they are ready to be analyzed.Trip b
32、lanks accompany the other sample containers throughoutthe sampling event including transport to and storage at thelaboratory. Results of trip blank analyses indicate contamina-tion that may have been introduced by the sample container orduring sample handling, shipment, or storage.5.1.6 Microbiologi
33、cal Blank or Sterile Container BlankThis blank is used when groundwater samples are collected forbacteriological tests.Asterile container with deionized water istaken to the field and opened prior to being shipped to thelaboratory with the other groundwater samples. No preserva-tives are added to th
34、is type of blank. Some QA programs mayalso require the microbiological blank be passed through thesampling equipment. Results of microbiological blank analysesare used to determine if microorganisms are introduced to thesamples during handling, shipment, and storage.5.1.7 Temperature Blank or Temper
35、ature ControlThisblank is containerized water that is kept with the samples fromthe time of collection until the samples are refrigerated at thelaboratory. One temperature blank should be included in eachshipping container. The laboratory will then use this control toverify the temperature of the gr
36、oundwater samples so that theother samples need not be tampered with for this purpose.D7069 04 (2015)2Measuring the temperature of these blanks is used to determineif the temperature requirements for samples were met duringshipping.5.1.8 Matrix SpikeThis QAsample involves the collectionof another sa
37、mple at an already established sampling pointusing the procedures described for the field duplicate. Thevolume and number of matrix spike samples varies dependingon the type(s) of sample parameter(s) that are analyzed. Matrixspike sample results are used to determine if the results arebiased (such a
38、s by interference in the measurement of onechemical by the presence of another or by turbidity) for aparticular sample matrix. Matrix spike duplicates are also takenat the location of the matrix spike. They are collected using thesame procedures as the matrix spike. Matrix spike duplicatesare used b
39、y the laboratory to assess the analytical precisionwhile analyzing a given sample matrix. Requirements formatrix spikes and matrix spike duplicates are dictated by thelab QA program.5.2 Procedures Affecting the Quality and Consistency ofSamplesThere are many procedures performed during agroundwater
40、sampling event that can affect the consistency andquality of the data. Field procedures for groundwater samplingshould be documented in a sampling and analysis plan (SAP).Field QA practices should facilitate meeting the data qualityobjectives. The sampling plan should be kept up to date toreflect an
41、y changes in on-site conditions or procedures. Thesampler should be familiar with the procedures outlined in theSAP prior to the sampling event and should have a copyavailable in the field. Established procedures for collecting thesamples, documenting field procedures (Guide D6089), anddecontaminati
42、ng the equipment (Practice D5088 and PracticesD5608) should be followed to yield valid data. Use ofconsistent procedures over time facilitates valid comparison ofchanges in groundwater chemistry over time. Most or all of theprocedures that follow should be addressed in the SAP, and arethose that can
43、 affect the data quality.5.2.1 Contact the laboratory to coordinate sampling and thecollection of QA samples prior to sampling. On some projects,an additional person may be designated as the liaison betweenthe laboratory and the project manager during the samplingevent to ensure that samples are bei
44、ng handled, collected, andshipped according to QA procedures.5.2.2 Conduct real-time documentation of all samplingactivities (Guide D6089) including a record of all QA samplescollected.5.2.3 Wear clean personal protective equipment (PPE) andchange PPE that could affect the samples between samplingpo
45、ints.5.2.4 Ensure that all sampling equipment is calibrated andin good working condition.5.2.5 Determine holding times prior to sampling. Samplesshould be collected and shipped so that the laboratory extrac-tions and analyses can be performed within the holding times.Holding times begin when the sam
46、ple is collected, not whenthe samples reach the laboratory.5.2.6 Purge the monitoring well prior to groundwatersample collection using the procedures recommended inGuides D6452 and D6771.5.2.7 Label sampling bottles in a consistent manner. Ensurethat the integrity of the labels will be maintained un
47、til thesamples are analyzed.5.2.8 Collect samples in the order prescribed in the SAP.The SAP may specify the order of filling containers at eachwell and may also specify in what order to sample the wells. Ifnot specified, if there is some knowledge of the groundwaterchemistry it is generally a good
48、procedure to sample wells fromthe least to the most contaminated to minimize possiblecross-contamination.5.2.9 Follow the field filtration and preservation proceduresoutlined in Guide D6564. Filtration and preservation should beperformed the same way for each sample and for eachsampling event.5.2.10
49、 Follow decontamination procedures specified in theSAP and in Guide D5088.5.2.11 Document collected samples on the appropriate chainof custody forms and any other forms required by the shipperor laboratory. Before a group of samples is shipped, makecopies of all forms in case any of the forms are lost ordamaged.6. Keywords6.1 groundwater sampling; quality assurance; sampling andanalysis planASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are ex
