1、Designation: D7099 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Terminology Relating toFrozen Soil and Rock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms whichrelate to frozen soils and rocks.1.2 It is based on: a list of definitions drawn up by A
3、STMSub-Committee D18.19; ASTM standards; a list of definitionsdrawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group(CGRG); the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC), at the University of Colorado, at Boulder; the Keysto Soil Taxo
4、nomy of the United States Department of Agricul-ture (USDA); and contributions by a number of individuals.1.3 For all of the terms included, the source is included inparentheses after the definition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4083 Practic
6、e for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Other References:Harris, S. A., French, H. M., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston,G. H., Ladanyi, B., Sego, D. C., and van Everdingen, R.O., 1988, Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms, Technical Memorandum, Associate Committee on
7、Geotechnical Research, Ottawa, CanadaEverdingen, Robert van, ed., 1998, revised January,2002, Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Re-lated Ground-Ice Terms, National Snow and Ice DataCenter/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, Colo-radoNational Snow and Ice Data Center, 2003, English Lan
8、-guage Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms, Boulder, Colorado, http:/nsdic.org/fgdc/glossary/english.htmlNatural Resources Conservation Service, United States De-partment of Agriculture, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, NinthEdition, 2003, 331 pp., http:/soils.usda.gov/technical/classication/ta
9、x_keysPermafrost Map of the USSR (1:2,500,000), 1996, Depart-ment of Geocryology, Moscow State University, 16 sheets3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions ofall of those terms which are used in association with frozenmaterials, including rocks, soils, and wat
10、er.4. Terminology4.1 All of the definitions are consistent with those listed inTerminology D653.active layerthe top layer of ground that is subject to annualfreezing and thawing. (In the zone of discontinuous perma-frost, the active layer is often underlain by unfrozen ground.)active layer failurean
11、y of several possible forms of slopefailure in the active layer. NSIDCactive layer thicknessthe thickness of the top layer ofground that is subject to annual freezing and thawing.NSIDCactive rock glaciera mass of rock fragments and finermaterial, on a slope, that contains an ice core or interstitial
12、ice, and which shows evidence of recent movement.NSIDCadfreeze shear strengththe shear stress required to separatetwo objects that are bonded together by ice.adfreeze tensile strengththe tensile stress required to sepa-rate two objects that are bonded together by ice. NSIDCadfreezingthe process by w
13、hich objects are bonded togetherby the ice formed between them. NSIDC1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soilsand Rock.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Origina
14、llyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7099 04. DOI:10.1520/D7099-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum
15、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.aggradation of permafrostsee permafrost aggradation.aggradational icenewly formed ice lenses, especially in thelower part of the active layer, which
16、become incorporatedinto the permafrost due to a raising of the permafrost table ora lowering of the permafrost base.air freezing indexsee freezing index.air thawing indexsee thawing index.albedothe fraction of the total solar radiation incident on abody that is reflected by it.alpine permafrostperma
17、frost developed in temperate cli-mate mountainous areas.altitudinal permafrost limitthe lowest altitude at whichmountain permafrost occurs in a highland area outside of thegeneral permafrost region. NSIDCaltitudinal permafrost zonationthe vertical subdivision ofmountain permafrost into zones based o
18、n mean annualtemperatures. NSIDCapparent heat capacitythe amount of heat required to raisethe temperature of a unit mass of frozen ground by onedegree. It is expressed in Joules per kg per degree K.NSIDCapproximate freezing indexthe cumulative number ofdegree-days below 0C for a given period, calcul
19、ated fromthe mean monthly temperatures for a given station withoutmaking corrections for positive degree-days in the springand fall. NSIDCapproximate thawing indexthe cumulative number ofdegree-days above 0C for a given period, calculated fromthe mean monthly temperatures for a given station without
20、making corrections for negative degree-days in the springand fall.artificial ground freezingthe process of freezing earthmaterials by artificial means.banded cryogenic fabrica distinct soil morphology inwhich soil particles form subhorizontal layers as the result offreezing and thawing. NSIDCbarrens
21、areas of discontinuous vegetation cover in the polarsemi-desert of the High Arctic. NSIDCbasal cryopega layer of unfrozen ground, forming the basalportion of permafrost, in which the temperature is perenni-ally below 0C (32F). NSIDCbasal cryostructurethe structural characteristics of a frozendeposit
22、 of boulders that is saturated with ice. NSIDCbasal-layered cryostructurethe structural characteristics ofa frozen layered deposit of gravel and boulders that issaturated with ice. NSIDCbeaded streama characteristic pattern of small streamsunderlain by ice wedges. “Beads,” or pools, occur atjunction
23、s of wedges. The pools are linked by narrowchannels. NSIDCbottom temperature of snow covertemperature measuredat the base of the snow cover during mid- to late-winter(February/March). The measurements are used in the BTSmethod to predict the presence or absence of permafrost.NSIDCBTS methoda method
24、to predict the presence or absence ofpermafrost in a mountainous area, using measurements ofthe bottom temperature of the snow in mid- to late-winter.NSIDCburied iceice formed on the ground surface and latercovered by sediments.candled iceice that has rotted or otherwise formed, bymelting during the
25、 spring, into long columnar crystals whichare very loosely bonded together. A distinctive “chiming”sound accompanies movement during “ice-out.”cave iceice formed in an open or closed cave. NSIDCclear iceice that is transparent and contains only a moderatenumber of air bubbles.closed-cavity iceice fo
26、rmed in a closed space, cavity, orcave, in permafrost. NSIDCclosed-system freezingfreezing that occurs under conditionsthat preclude the gain or loss of water by the system.NSIDCclosed-system pingoa pingo formed by the doming offrozen ground due to the freezing of injected water. Thewater is provide
27、d by the expulsion of pore water during thegrowth of permafrost. Closed-system pingos are found inpoorly-drained terrain in the continuous permafrost zone.NSIDCclosed talika body of unfrozen ground occupying a depres-sion in the permafrost table below a lake or river. NSIDCcloudy iceice that is tran
28、slucent or relatively opaque due tothe content of air or for other reasons, but which isessentially sound and nonpervious.coefficient of compressibilitythe change in volume per unitvolume of a substance per unit increase in effective com-pressive stress, under isothermal conditions. NSIDCcollapse sc
29、arthat part of a peatland where the whole, or part,of a peat plateau has thawed and collapsed to the level of thesurrounding land. Collapses scars are not depressions but aremarked by vegetation different from the peatland that wasnot underlain by permafrost. NSIDCcomposite wedgea wedge, containing
30、both soil and ice, thatshows evidence of both primary and secondary filling.NSIDCcompressive strengththe load per unit area at which anunconfined cylindrical specimen of soil or rock will fail in asimple compression test. Commonly the failure load is themaximum that the specimen can withstand in the
31、 test.D653conglomeric cryogenic fabrica distinct soil micromorphol-ogy resulting from the effects of freezing and thawing, inwhich coarser soil particles form compound arrangements.NSIDCconstruction methods in permafrostspecial procedures ofdesign and construction that are required when engineeringw
32、orks are undertaken in areas of permafrost.contemporary permafrost(1) newly formed permafrost inan area where surface temperatures have fallen below 0C(32F); (2) permafrost that is in thermal equilibrium with theexisting mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature andthe geothermal heat flux.conti
33、nuous permafrostpermafrost occurring everywherebeneath the exposed land surface throughout a geographicD7099 04 (2010)2region, with the exception of widely scattered sites, such asnewly-deposited unconsolidated sediments, where the cli-mate has just begun to impose its influence on the groundthermal
34、 regime and will cause the formation of continuouspermafrost.continuous permafrost zonea major subdivision of a per-mafrost region, in which permafrost occurs everywherebeneath the land surface, with the possible exception ofwidely scattered sites; both in North American (GPRGIT)and in Russian (Perm
35、afrost Map of the USSR) usage: 80 %of area underlain by permafrost.convection tubea closed single-phase heat transfer devicethat removes heat from the ground whenever conditions areappropriate to drive the internal convection cell.creep of frozen groundthe slow deformation that resultsfrom long-term
36、 application of a stress too small to producefailure in the frozen material.creep strengththe failure strength of a material at a givenrate of strain or after a given period under deviatoric stress.NSIDCcrust-like cryostructurethe structural properties of a frozendeposit of angular blocks that are c
37、oated with ice, whilelarge spaces between the blocks are not filled with ice.NSIDCcryofrontthe boundary between frozen and unfrozenground, as indicated by the position of the 0C isotherm inthe ground. NSIDCcryogenesisthe combination of thermophysical, physico-chemical, and physico-mechanical process
38、es that occur infreezing, frozen, and thawing earth materials. NSIDCcryogenic aquicludea frozen layer of ground with suffi-ciently low permeability as to act as a confining bed for anaquifer. NSIDCcryogenic fabricthe distinct soil micromorphology whichresults from the effects of freezing and thawing
39、 processes.NSIDCcryogenic temperaturethe term can apply to temperaturesbelow 50C but is usually used for those temperatures closeto absolute zero (273C). NSIDCcryolithologythe study of the genesis, structure, and lithol-ogy of frozen earth materials. NSIDCcryopedologythe study of soils at temperatur
40、es below 0C.cryopega layer of unfrozen ground in which the temperatureis perennially below 0C. In general, the freezing of suchlayers is prevented due to the depression of the freezingpoint by solids dissolved in the pore water.cryoplanationthe process through which cryoplanation ter-races form. NSI
41、DCcryoplanation terraceshillside benches or table-like sum-mit surfaces which are thought to have resulted from intensefrost wedging associated with snowbanks. These are usuallyunderlain by permafrost and are considered by some asdiagnostic landforms of permafrost terrain. NSIDCcryosolsoil within 1
42、to2mofthesurface in which the meanannual ground temperature is below 0C. NSIDCcryospherethat part of the Earths crust, hydrosphere, andatmosphere subject, for at least a part of each year, totemperatures below 0C (32F). NSIDCcryostructurethe structural characteristics of frozen earthmaterials. NSIDC
43、cryosuctiona suction which develops in freezing orpartially-frozen fine-grained materials due to temperature-dependent differences in unfrozen water content. NSIDCcryotexturethe textural characteristics of frozen earth ma-terials cemented together with ice. NSIDCcryotic groundsoil or rock in which t
44、he temperatures are0C, or below. NSIDCcryoturbatea body of earth material moved or disturbed bythe action of frost. NSIDCcryoturbation(1) a collective term to describe all soilmovements due to frost action; (2) irregular structuresformed in earth materials by deep frost penetration and frostaction p
45、rocesses. NSIDCdebris flowa sudden and destructive form of landslide, inwhich loose materials on a slope, with at least half of theparticles being larger than sand, are mobilized by saturationand flow downwards. NSIDCdeformabilitythe ability of a material to change its shape orsize under the influen
46、ce of an external or internal agency.NSIDCdegree-daya unit of heat measurement equal to one degreeof the variation of the mean temperature for a day from agiven reference (or, base) temperature.degree of saturation(1) the total degree of saturation offrozen soil is the ratio, expressed as a percenta
47、ge, of thevolume of ice and unfrozen water in the soil pores to thevolume of the pores; (2) the degree of saturation of frozensoil by ice, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of thevolume of ice in the soil pores to the volume of the pores.NSIDCdensity of frozen groundthe ratio of mass per unit
48、ofvolume of frozen earth materials.depth of seasonal frost penetrationthe maximum thicknessof the seasonally frozen layer. NSIDCdepth of thawthe distance from the ground surface down-ward to frozen ground at any time during the thaw season.depth of zero annual amplitudethe distance from theground su
49、rface downward to the point beneath which there isvirtually no annual fluctuation in the mean ground tempera-ture.desiccation cracka crack or fissure in fine-grained soilmaterial resulting from shrinkage during drying. NSIDCdesiccation polygona closed, multi-sided, pattern in theground formed by desiccation cracks in fine-grained soils.NSIDCdesign depth of frost penetration(1) in North Americanusage: the mean of the three largest depths of seasonal frostpenetration measured during the p
