1、Designation: D7100 11Standard Test Method forHydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils withAqueous Solutions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory wi
3、th aqueoussolutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. Ahydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulicand chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potentialinteractions between the soil specimen being permeat
4、ed andthe aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respectto the measured hydraulic conductivity.1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulicconductivities less than approximately 1 3 10-8m/s.1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-ability can be determined
5、 for a soil if the density and viscosityof the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,etc. specimens.1.5 Aspecimen may be saturated and permeated using threemethods. Method 1 is
6、 for saturation with water and permeationwith aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation withwater, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-ation with aqueous solution.1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in respons
7、e toa hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measuredwith respect to time. The amount and properties of influent andeffluent liquids are monitored during the test.1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution isdetermined using procedures similar to determination of hy-draulic
8、 conductivity of saturated soils with water as describedin Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used,including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constantrate-of-flow test procedures.1.8 UnitsThe standard units fo
9、r the hydraulic conductiv-ity values are the SI units. The inch-pound units given inparentheses are mathematical conversions which are providedfor information purposes only and are not considered standard.1.8.1 Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been ex-pressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though
10、 the official SI unit forhydraulic conductivity is m/s.1.8.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs.1.8.3 The slug unit of mass is almost never used in
11、commercial practice; i.e., density, balances, etc. Therefore, thestandard unit for mass in this standard is either kilogram (kg)or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit(slug) is not given/presented in parentheses. However, the useof balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm)
12、 orrecording density in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded as noncon-formance with this standard.1.9 This standard contains a Hazards section related to usinghazardous liquids (Section 7).1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is there
13、sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laborat
14、ory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-tivity of WaterD1293 Test Method
15、s for pH of Water1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties and Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Orginallyapproved in 2004. Last prev
16、ious edition approved in 2006 as D710006. DOI:10.1520/D7100-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websit
17、e.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D1429 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water andBrineD1498 Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential ofWaterD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of So
18、il Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water3D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2435 Test Methods for
19、 One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Constru
20、ctionD3977 Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentra-tion in Water SamplesD4128 Guide for Identification and Quantitation of OrganicCompounds in Water by Combined Gas Chromatographyand Electron Impact Mass SpectrometryD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4327 Test Method
21、 for Anions in Water by Suppressed IonChromatographyD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD4691 Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by FlameAtomic Absorption SpectrophotometryD4696 Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the VadoseZoneD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zon
22、eD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hy
23、draulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5673 Test Method for Elements in Water by InductivelyCoupled PlasmaMass SpectrometryD5790 Test Method for Measurement of Purgeable OrganicCompounds in Water by Capillary Column GasChromatography/Mass SpectrometryD60
24、01 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmen
25、tal Site CharacterizationD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamplesD6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-cally Operated Stationary Piston SamplerD6919 Test Method for Determination of Dissolved Alkaliand Alkaline Earth Cations and Ammonium in Water andWastewater by Io
26、n ChromatographyE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 hydraulic conductivity, k(also referred to as coeffi-cient of permeability or permeab
27、ility) the rate of discharge ofa permeant liquid under laminar flow conditions through a unitcross-sectional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulicgradient and at standard temperature (20C).3.1.2 permeameterthe apparatus (cell) containing the testspecimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.3.1.2
28、.1 DiscussionThe apparatus for this test standard is aflexible-wall cell that includes top and bottom specimen caps,including porous stones and filter paper, a flexible membrane,an annulus chamber containing water, top and bottom plates,valves, and fittings.3.1.3 head loss, hthe change in total head
29、 of liquid acrossa given distance.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe change in total head typically ismeasured using heads acting at influent and effluent ends of aspecimen, and the given distance typically is the length of thetest specimen.3.1.4 pore volume of flowthe cumulative quantity of flowthrough a test s
30、pecimen divided by the total volume of voids inthe specimen.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe volume of voids in a specimen thatis effective in conducting flow may be lower than the totalvolume of voids. The voids that conduct flow are representedby an effective porosity. The effective porosity is lower than th
31、etotal porosity. This difference affects the accuracy for deter-mining the actual pore volumes of flow associated with a test.However, the presence and magnitude of effective porosity ina soil specimen is usually not known a priori. Therefore, forthe purposes of this standard, the determination of t
32、he porevolumes of flow will be based on the total porosity of thespecimen.3.1.5 back pressurea pressure applied to the specimenpore liquid to force any air present in the specimen to compressand to therefore pass into the pore liquid resulting in anincrease of the degree of saturation of the specime
33、n.3.2 Refer to Terminology D653 for definitions of otherterms in this standard.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is used to measure one-dimensionalflow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates,liquid wastes and byproducts, single and mixed chemicals, etc.,3Withdrawn. The last
34、approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.D7100 112from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) throughinitially saturated soils under an applied hydraulic gradient andeffective stress. Interactions between some permeant liquidsand some clayey soils have resulted i
35、n significant increases inthe hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulicconductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1).4Thistest method is used to evaluate the presence and effect ofpotential interactions between the soil specimen being perme-ated and the permeant liquid
36、on the hydraulic conductivity ofthe soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisonsbetween the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated withwater relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soilspermeated with aqueous solutions to determine variations inthe hydraulic conductivity of the
37、 soils due to the aqueoussolutions.4.2 Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used todetermine flow characteristics of aqueous solutions throughsoils. Hydraulic conductivity testing using flexible-wall cells isusually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueoussolutions due to
38、the potential for sidewall leakage problemswith rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur,for example, when a test soil shrinks during permeation withthe permeant liquid due to interactions between the soil and thepermeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of arigid-wall
39、 cell does not allow for control of the effectivestresses that exist in the test specimen.4.3 Darcys law describes laminar flow through a test soil.Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcys law may notbe valid under certain test conditions. For example, interactionsbetween a permeating liquid a
40、nd a soil may cause severechanneling/cracking of the soil such that laminar flow is notmaintained through a test specimen containing large openpathways for flow.4.4 Interactions that may clog the pore spaces of test soils(for example, precipitation) may occur during permeation withsome permeant liqu
41、ids. Flow through test soils may be severelyrestricted in these cases. In cases where the measured hydraulicconductivity is less than 1 3 10-12m/s, unsteady state analysismay be used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of testsoils (2).4.5 Specimens of initially water-saturated soils (for ex-amp
42、le, undisturbed natural soils) may be permeated with thepermeant liquid. Specimens of water unsaturated soils (forexample, compacted soils) may be fully saturated with water orthe permeant liquid and then permeated with the permeantliquid. Specimens of soils initially partly or fully saturated witha
43、 particular liquid (for example, specimens collected from acontainment facility subsequent to a period of use) may befully saturated and then permeated with the same or anotherliquid. The use of different saturating and permeating liquidscan have significant effects both on the results and theinterp
44、retation of the results of a test (1). Selection of type andsequence of liquids for saturation and permeation of testspecimens is based on the characteristics of the test specimensand the requirements of the specific application for which thehydraulic conductivity testing is being conducted in a tes
45、tprogram. The user of this standard is responsible for selectingand specifying the saturation and permeation conditions thatbest represent the intended application.4.6 Hydraulic conductivity of a soil with water and aqueoussolution can be determined using two approaches in a testprogram for comparis
46、ons between the hydraulic conductivitybased on permeation with water and the hydraulic conductivitybased on permeation with aqueous solution. In the firstapproach, specimens are initially saturated (if needed) andpermeated with water and then the permeating liquid isswitched to the aqueous solution.
47、 This testing sequence allowsfor determination of both water and aqueous solution hydraulicconductivities on the same specimen. Obtaining water andaqueous solution values on the same specimen reduces theuncertainties associated with specimen preparation, handling,and variations in test conditions. H
48、owever, such testing se-quences may not represent actual field conditions and mayaffect the results of a test. In the second approach, twospecimens of the same soil are permeated, with one specimenbeing permeated with water and the other specimen beingpermeated with the aqueous solution. The specime
49、ns areprepared using the same sample preparation and handlingmethods and tested under the same testing conditions. Thisapproach may represent actual field conditions better than thefirst approach, however, uncertainties may arise due to the useof separate specimens for determining hydraulic conductivitiesbased on permeation with water and the aqueous solution.Guidelines for preparing and testing multiple specimens forcomparative studies are provided in Practice E691. The user ofthis standard shall be responsible for selecting and specifyingthe approach that best repres
