1、Designation: D7101 131Standard Index Test Method forDetermination of Unvegetated Rolled Erosion ControlProduct (RECP) Ability to Protect Soil from Rain Splash andAssociated Runoff Under Bench-Scale Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7101; the number immediately following
2、 the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially updated units of
3、 measurement statement in April 2018.1. Scope*1.1 This index test method establishes the guidelines, re-quirements and procedures for evaluating the ability of unveg-etated rolled erosion control products (RECPs) to protect soilsfrom simulated rainfall (rain splash) and minimal runoffinduced erosion
4、. The critical element of this protection is theability of the unvegetated RECP to absorb the impact force ofraindrops, thereby reducing soil particle loosening through“splash” mechanisms, and limiting the ability of runoff to carrythe loosened soil particles.1.2 This index test method utilizes benc
5、h-scale testingprocedures and is not indicative of unvegetated RECP perfor-mance in conditions typically found in the field.NOTE 1The values obtained with this bench scale procedure are forinitial performance indication, general product comparison and confor-mance purposes only. These values should
6、not be used in estimating RECPsoil protection in actual field use with such calculations as the UniversalSoil Loss Equation (USLE) or Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) without verification from qualified, large-scale tests.1.3 This index test is not intended to replace full-scalesimulation
7、 or field testing in acquisition of performance valuesthat are required in the design of erosion control measuresutilizing unvegetated RECPs.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not co
8、nsidered standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarde
9、d as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives, and it is comm
10、on practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this index test method to consider significant digits used inanalytical methods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesa
11、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use and may involveuse of hazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Als
12、o, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupational Health and Safety Administration) guidelines, whileusing the index test method.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established i
13、n the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test M
14、ethods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil an
15、dRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion andSediment Control Technology.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7101 08. DOI:10.1520/D7101-13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards,
16、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internationa
17、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides
18、and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD6459 Test Method for Determination of Rolled ErosionControl Product (RECP) Performance in Protec
19、ting Hill-slopes from Rainfall-Induced ErosionD6475 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area ofErosion Control BlanketsD6566 Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area ofTurf Reinforcement Mats3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions of terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D6
20、53.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Soil cores consisting of containers with both bare andunvegetated RECP-protected soil are exposed to simulatedrainfall.4.2 The amount of soil that splashes out of or is dislodgedand carried by runoff from the containers is collected andweighed. The results can be used
21、 to compare bare andRECP-protected situations.4.3 Key elements of the testing process include: (1) calibra-tion of the rainfall simulation equipment; (2) preparation of thetest cores; (3) documentation of the RECP to be tested; (4)installation of the RECP; (5) prosecution of the test; (6)collection
22、of data; (7) analysis of the resultant data; and (8)reporting.5. Significance and Use5.1 This index test method indicates a unvegetated RECPsability to reduce rainsplash-induced erosion under bench-scaleconditions. This test method may also assist in identifyingphysical attributes of RECPs that cont
23、ribute to their erosion-control performance.5.2 This test method is bench-scale and therefore, appropri-ate as an index test for initial indication of productperformance, for general comparison of unvegetated RECPcapabilities, and for product quality assurance/conformancetesting. The results of this
24、 test are not indicative of an RECPsactual field performance.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally
25、 considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspections/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
26、6. Apparatus6.1 Rainfall SimulatorRainfall is produced by a labora-tory simulator capable of creating uniform drops with a mediandiameter of 3.0 to 3.5 mm (0.12 to 0.14 in.) from a drop heightof 2000.0 mm (78.72 in.) above the lowest point of the inclinestructure (see 6.3). The rainfall simulator sh
27、all be capable ofproducing rainfall intensities of 51 6 5 mm/hr (2 6 0.2 in./hr),102 6 5 mm/hr (4 6 0.2 in./hr), and 153 6 5 mm/hr (6 6 0.2in./hr). The simulator must be centered over the test area toprovide uniform rain application over the entire incline struc-ture (Fig. 1).6.2 Soil CoresConsist o
28、f water-tight containers nominally200 6 10 mm (8 6 0.4 in.) inside diameter plastic pipe sectioncylinders with height of 100 6 10 mm (4 6 0.4 in.) holdingsoil and test specimens.6.3 Incline StructureRequired is an incline structure com-prised of three adjacent “runoff ramps” each having an openingat
29、 its lower end to accommodate a recessed soil core. Theramps shall be 900 6 20 mm (35 6 0.8 in.) in length and 2506 20 mm wide (10 6 0.8 in.). The incline structure shall beadjustable to a slope gradient of at least 3:1 (horizontal:verti-cal) and be able to maintain the desired slope. The inclinestr
30、ucture shall have raised dividers (at least 25.0 mm (1 in.)tall) between ramps to prevent cross-ramp soil splash andrun-on/runoff (Fig. 1).6.4 Collection BucketsAny type of bucket having suffi-cient diameter and volume to collect all runoff from the runofframp may be used.6.5 FiltersWhatman #3 filte
31、r paper3to separate sedimentfrom soil and water solution.6.6 MiscellaneousOther miscellaneous equipment in-cludes: sieve set (standard US sieves), evaporating dishes,drying oven, and balance.7. Sampling7.1 The laboratory sample should be 1 m2(10.76 ft2).8. Procedure8.1 Calibration of Rainfall Simula
32、tor:8.1.1 Calibration of the rainfall simulation equipment in-cludes verification of: (1) rainfall intensity; (2) uniformity ofrainfall application across the holding container; and (3) dropsize. See Annex A1 for details.8.1.2 At a minimum, calibration shall be conducted on anannual basis and also f
33、ollowing initital equipment set-up andany equipment maintenance.8.2 Test Set-Up:8.2.1 After calibration, prepare three soil cores for eachRECP to be tested and nine cores for the bare soil conditions.8.2.1.1 Fill/compact (see 8.2.1.2) the cores with the stan-dard soil (see AnnexA2 for soil details)
34、flush with the lip of thecontainer.NOTE 3The standard sand referenced in this test procedure has beenhistorically used for product comparison purposes. However, site-specificsoils, user-defined soils, or both, may be used. If non-standard soils areused, agreement should be established between the te
35、sting laboratory andthe test user. The effect of utilizing a non-standard soil is unknown.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Whatman Inc., 200 Park Ave., Suite 210, Florham Park, New Jersey, 07932,. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please prov
36、ide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.D7101 13128.2.1.2 Unless otherwise agreed to prior to testing, compactthe soil into the soil cores at 90 6 3% of standard d
37、ry densityat optimum moisture content 6 2%.8.2.2 Adjust the incline structure to a gradient of 3:1 (h:v)(see Note 4).NOTE 4An incline of 3:1 (h:v) has been historically used for productcomparison purposes. An alternate gradient may be utilized, however, thegradient should be agreed upon between the
38、test laboratory and the user ofthe test. The effect of utilizing a non-standard gradient is unknown.8.2.3 Place three of the prepared soil cores into the openingsof the incline structure. The top edges of the cores are to be aminimum of 2 cm (0.8 in.) away from the sides of the runofframps.8.2.4 For
39、 RECP-protected cores, place the RECP testsample over the entire incline structure including the soil coresurfaces. Clip or otherwise affix the sample to the raisedbarriers between runoff ramps in such a way to avoid obstruc-tion of flow and facilitate intimate contact with the runoff rampand the so
40、il surfaces of the cores.8.2.4.1 Each RECP specimen shall be weighed and mea-sured to determine its mass per unit area in accordance withTest Methods D6475 and D6566 prior to affixing to the runofframps.8.3 Test Operation and Data Collection:8.3.1 Cover the incline structure and soil cores with awat
41、erproof lid or canopy and activate rainfall simulator at thetarget intensity. Both the RECP protected and bare soil controlcores shall be subjected to three target rainfall intensities of 516 5 mm/hr (2 6 0.2 in./hr), 102 6 5 mm/hr (4 6 0.2 in./hr),and 153 6 5 mm/hr (6 6 0.2 in./hr), unless other in
42、tensities areagreed upon between the user of the test and testing laboratory.8.3.2 After rainfall reaches a steady rate, position thecollection buckets at the end of the runoff ramps and removethe cover from the incline structure and begin timing the test.8.3.3 After five minutes, replace the waterp
43、roof cover orturn off the rainfall and take the collection buckets out of thesimulator.8.3.4 Position empty collection buckets at the end of therunoff ramps, remove the cover or turn rainfall back on, andresume the test.8.3.5 Repeat 8.3.3 and 8.3.4 every 5 min.8.3.6 Pour the water and soil mixture f
44、rom the collectionbuckets through a Whatman #3 filter paper to collect thesediment from the first five minutes of the test. Measure andrecord the amount of water collected in each bucket.Additionalwater may be used in order to wash all the soil out of theholding container.FIG. 1 Slope Erosion: Bench
45、 Scale Laboratory Test ApparatusD7101 13138.3.7 Repeat this process until the set of three soil cores hasundergone six five-minute periods of simulated rainfall, whichequals 30 min of exposure to simulated rain.8.3.8 Dry each sediment sample in an oven at 105C(221F) for a minimum of 24 h, then weigh
46、 sample anddetermine mass to 60.01 g. The data for each pot should beentered into a table such as shown in Fig. 2.8.3.9 Repeat the procedure with the remaining sets of threetest cores at each target rainfall intensity.9. Calculation9.1 Average the three masses of sediment corresponding tothe same fi
47、ve-minute period(s) to obtain six mean masses ofsoil loss from the RECP-protected cores at each target rainfallintensity.9.1.1 The data for each pot should be entered into a tablesuch as shown in Fig. 2 and normalized to the sample rollaverage mass per unit area based on the specimen-specificmass pe
48、r unit area for the pot.9.2 Sum the six mean masses of soil loss from the RECP-protected soil cores to obtain the mean mass (MRECP) for theentire 30 min run at each rainfall intensity.9.3 Average the three masses of sediment corresponding tothe same five-minute period(s) to obtain six mean masses of
49、soil loss from the bare soil cores at each target rainfall intensity.9.4 Sum the six mean masses of soil loss from the bare soilcontrol cores to obtain the mean mass (Mcontrol) for the entire30 min run at each target rainfall intensity.9.5 Enter the mean masses obtained for the RECP and baresoil control cores as a function of time at each target rainfallintensity into a table.9.6 Calculate the Bench-Scale Cover Index (BSCI) of thetest material at each rainfall intensity as follows:BSCI 5 MRECP/MCONTROL(1)where:MRECP= mean mass of soil loss from
