1、Designation: D 7109 06An American National StandardStandard Test Method forShear Stability of Polymer Containing Fluids Using aEuropean Diesel Injector Apparatus at 30 and 90 Cycles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7109; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the
3、 shearstability of polymer-containing fluids. The test method mea-sures the viscosity loss, in mm2/s and percent, at 100C ofpolymer-containing fluids when evaluated by a diesel injectorapparatus procedure that uses European diesel injector testequipment. The viscosity loss reflects polymer degradati
4、on dueto shear at the nozzle. Viscosity loss is evaluated after both 30and 90 cycles of shearing.NOTE 1This test method evaluates the shear stability of oils after both30 and 90 cycles of shearing. For most oils, there is a correlation betweenresults after 30 cycles and results after 90 cycles of sh
5、earing, but this is notuniversal.NOTE 2Test Method D 6278 uses essentially the same procedure with30 cycles only instead of both 30 and 90 cycles. The correlation betweenresults from this test method at 30 cycles and results from Test MethodD 6278 has not been established.NOTE 3Test Method D 2603 ha
6、s been used for similar evaluation ofshear stability; limitations are as indicated in the significance statement.No detailed attempt has been undertaken to correlate the results of this testmethod with those of the sonic shear test method.NOTE 4This test method uses test apparatus as defined in CECL
7、-14-A-93. This test method differs from CEC-L-14-A-93 in the period oftime required for calibration.NOTE 5Test Method D 5275 also shears oils in a diesel injectorapparatus but may give different results.NOTE 6This test method has different calibration and operationalrequirements than Test Method D 3
8、945.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
9、 appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation
10、of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 2603 Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing OilsD 3945 Test Methods for Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing Fluids Using a Diesel Injector Nozzle3D 5275 Test Method for Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test(FISST) for Polymer Containing FluidsD 6278 Test M
11、ethod for Shear Stability of Polymer Con-taining Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector ApparatusD 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality AssuranceTechniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement SystemPerformance2.2 Coordinated European Council (CEC) Standard:CEC L-14-A-93 Evaluation of the M
12、echanical Shear Sta-bility of Lubricating Oils Containing Polymers43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 kinematic viscosity, na measure of the resistance toflow of a fluid under gravity.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration pressure, nthe recorded gauge pressurewhen cal
13、ibration fluid RL34 undergoes a viscosity loss of 2.75to 2.85 mm2/s when the recorded gauge pressure is within therange of 13.0 to 18.0 MPa (1885 to 2611 psi).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Sub
14、committeeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 710905.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from CEC Secretariat, Madou Plaza, 25th floor, Place Madou 1,B-1210 Brussels, Belgium.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright AS
16、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 percent viscosity loss, nviscosity loss, as defined in3.2.3, divided by the pre-sheared viscosity, and reported as apercent.3.2.3 viscosity loss, nthe loss in viscosity determinedfrom the diff
17、erence in kinematic viscosity at 100C of pre-sheared and post-sheared fluid.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A polymer-containing fluid is passed through a dieselinjector nozzle at a shear rate that may reduce its kinematicviscosity. The percent viscosity loss is a measure of themechanical shear stabili
18、ty of the fluid.NOTE 7This test method may also be used for oils not containingpolymer. It might not be known whether an oil submitted for test containsa polymer.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates the percent viscosity loss offluids resulting from physical degradation in the high
19、shearnozzle device. Thermal or oxidative effects are minimized.5.2 This test method may be used for quality controlpurposes by manufacturers of polymeric lubricant additivesand their customers.5.3 This test method is not intended to predict viscosity lossin field service in different field equipment
20、 under widelyvarying operating conditions, which may cause lubricant vis-cosity to change due to thermal and oxidative changes, as wellas by the mechanical shearing of polymer. However, when thefield service conditions, primarily or exclusively, result in thedegradation of polymer by mechanical shea
21、ring, there may bea correlation between the results from this test method andresults from the field.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus consists of a fluid reservoir, a double-plunger pump with an electric motor drive, an atomizationchamber with a diesel injector spray nozzle, and a fluid coolingvessel, i
22、nstalled in an area with an ambient temperature of 20to 25C (68 to 77F). Fig. 1 shows the schematic representationof equipment.56.1.1 Fluid ReservoirIn Fig. 1, the fluid reservoir (7) isopen on the top, has approximately a 250 mL capacity, has a45-mm (1.772-in.) inner diameter, and is calibrated in
23、units ofvolume. It is fitted with an internal fluid distributor as detailedin Fig. 2. A 40-mm (1.575-in.) diameter watch glass withserrated edges is an acceptable distributor plate. The distributorreduces the tendency of fluid channeling. Temperature ismeasured by a thermometer suspended in the cent
24、er of the fluidreservoir. The bottom of the thermometer bulb shall be 10 to 15mm above the entrance to the drain tube opening. Othertemperature-measuring equipment positioned at the same lo-cation may also be used. The outlet is equipped with athree-way stopcock (8). The three-way stopcock is of a c
25、onetype with a nonexchangeable solid plug with an 8-mm (0.315-in.) nominal bore size. Transparent plastic tubing, (10) in Fig.1, is used to connect the three-way stopcock to the pump inlet.6.1.2 Double-Plunger Injection PumpIn Fig. 1, the injec-tion pump (11) is defined as Bosch PE 2 A 90D 300/3 S22
26、66.This pump is equipped with a stroke counter (15), ventingscrew (14), and a flow rate adjusting screw (12).6.1.3 Injection Pump, driven by a three-phase electric motor(13) in Fig. 1, rated at a speed of 925 6 25 rpm.6.1.3.1 This motor runs at 925 rpm on the 50 Hz currentprevalent in Europe; it wil
27、l run at approximately 1100 rpm on60 Hz current. The 1100 rpm speed is not acceptable in thisprocedure. A suitable means shall be taken to ensure theprescribed 925 6 25 rpm speed to the injection pump. Oneacceptable method is to usea6to5speed reducer.6.1.4 Outlet of Injection Pump, connected to the
28、atomizationchamber using high pressure steel tubing. The atomizationchamber (2) in Fig. 1, is defined in more detail in Fig. 3.Tominimize foam generation, the spray chamber is designed sothat the fluid under test exits from the nozzle into a chamberfilled with the test fluid.Adrain tube (17) fitted
29、with a two-waystopcock is included to minimize contamination from theprevious test during the system cleaning steps. The diesel5Throughout, the numbers in parentheses refer to the legend in Fig. 1.Legend:(1) Spray nozzle(2) Atomization chamber(3) Outlet of the atomization chamber(4) Distributor plat
30、e(5) Glass container fluid reservoir(6) Three-way cock downstream of glass(7) Glass container fluid reservoir(8) Three-way cock downstream of glass container(9) Support column(10) Connection with pump-suction opening(11) Double-plunger injection pump(12) Pump setting screw(13) Electric motor(14) Ven
31、ting screw/pump(15) Stroke counter(16) Pressure tubing from pump to injector(17) Return line for overflowing liquid(18) Pressure sensing deviceFIG. 1 Apparatus for Shear Stability TestingD7109062injector nozzle is a Bosch DN 8 S 2-type pintle nozzle injector,number 0434 200 012, installed in a Bosch
32、 KD 43 SA 53/15nozzle holder. The nozzle holder includes a filter cartridge.NOTE 8Exercise great care to avoid damage to the precision parts ofthe fuel injection equipment (the plunger and barrel in the pump and thenozzle valve assembly). Service work on the equipment should beperformed by a diesel
33、fuel injector pump specialist or with reference to themanufacturers service manual.6NOTE 9An unusually rapid rise in gauge pressure during testing maysignify filter blockage. When this occurs, the filter cartridge shall bereplaced.6.1.5 Pressure Sensing Device (18), such as a glycerol-filledpressure
34、 gauge or electronic, digital display pressure indicator,shall be installed and separated from the line by a pressuresnubber or needle valve to suitably dampen pressure surges.The pressure device shall be occasionally pressure tested toensure accuracy.6.1.6 Fluid Cooling Vessel, (5) in Fig. 1), used
35、 to maintainthe specified temperature of the test fluid, as indicated at theoutlet of the fluid reservoir. This vessel is a glass container withexterior cooling jacket constructed so that the heat transfersurface of the jacket is spherical. The exterior jacket diameter,d1, is approximately 50 mm (1.
36、969 in.). The interior heattransfer surface, d2, is approximately 25 mm (0.984 in.) indiameter. The overall length, L, is approximately 180 mm(7.087 in.). A distributor plate, similar in design to thedistributor plate in the fluid reservoir, is positioned in the upperportion of the fluid cooling ves
37、sel to ensure contact betweenthe fluid and the cooling surface. The discharge from the fluidcooling vessel is through a three-way stopcock of the samedesign used on the discharge of the fluid reservoir. The exteriorcooling jacket shall be supplied with an adjustable volume ofcold water.7. Materials7
38、.1 Diesel Fuel (No. 2), initially required to adjust the dieselinjector nozzle valve opening pressure.7.2 Calibration Fluid RL34, used to ensure that when theapparatus is adjusted within a prescribed pressure range, thecorrect viscosity loss is obtained.8. Hazards8.1 (WarningUse a safety shield betw
39、een the high-pressure components and the operator during use of equip-ment.)8.2 (WarningDuring operation, the line between thepump and nozzle, (16) in Fig. 1), is under a pressure of at least13.0 MPa (130 bar or 1885 psi). Pressures above the upperlimit of 18.0 MPa (180 bar or 2611 psi) are possible
40、 if filterplugging occurs. Shut off the pump prior to tightening anyfitting that is not properly sealed.)9. Sampling9.1 Approximately 650 mL of fluid is needed per test.9.2 The test fluid shall be at room temperature, uniform inappearance, and free of any visible insoluble material prior toplacing i
41、t in the test equipment.9.3 Water and insolubles shall be removed before testing, orfilter blocking and nozzle wear may occur. Filter blocking canbe detected by a sudden change in gauge pressure. Thetransport of insolubles to the shear zone will shorten nozzlelife.10. Calibration and Standardization
42、10.1 Nozzle AdjustmentsIf the nozzle to be used is new orhas not been pre-calibrated, adjust the diesel injector nozzleholder with the nozzle in place. Adjust the nozzle using dieselfuel and a nozzle tester so that the valve opening pressure is13.0 MPa (1885 psi) under static conditions. If the nozz
43、le hasbeen pre-calibrated with RL34 calibration oil, adjust the valveopening pressure to the calibration pressure prescribed, whichmust be between 13.0 MPa (1885 psi) and 18.0 MPa (2611psi).10.1.1 Install the nozzle and the nozzle holder in the testapparatus. The pintle/spray nozzle shall be tightly
44、 fitted in thechamber to avoid leakage of oil around the external surface ofthe spray nozzle.10.2 Measurement of Residual Undrained Volume, Vres:10.2.1 The residual undrained oil volume of the system isthe volume of the system between the three-way stopcockbelow the fluid reservoir (8) in Fig. 1, an
45、d the injector nozzleorifice (1). Vresdoes not include the atomization chambervolume. When the residual undrained volume is known, go to10.3.10.2.2 To determine residual undrained volume, first re-move as much fluid as possible by briefly running the pump.10.2.3 Remove the high-pressure lines (16) i
46、n Fig. 1, anddrain. Remove the plug at the end of the pump gallery to drainthe remaining oil in the pump. Drain atomization chamber (2).10.2.4 Reassemble the system and close all drains. Theupper three-way stopcock (6) shall be open to the lowerreservoir (7) and the lower three-way cock (8) shall be
47、 open tothe pump suction (10).6Repair Instructions for Diesel Injection Pumps Size A, B, K and Z, BulletinWJP101/1 B EP, Robert Bosch GmbH, 2800 South 25thAve., Broadview, IL60153.NOTEDimensions are given in millimetres.FIG. 2 Distributor PlateD710906310.2.5 Add 170 mL of RL34 calibration oil to the
48、 lowerreservoir (7) and observe the level. Start the pump and run forseveral minutes until the oil is transparent and free of sus-pended air.10.2.6 Stop the pump. Drain the fluid in the atomizationchamber into a beaker and then pour the fluid back into thelower reservoir; draining to waste will resu
49、lt in an error in themeasurement of Vres. Allow the system to drain for 20 min andfree air trapped in the transparent connecting tube between thelower reservoir and pump.10.2.7 Observe the difference in oil level in the lowerreservoir compared to that noted in 10.2.5. Record this differ-ence as the residual volume, Vres.NOTE 10Undrained residual volumes of 15 to 30 mL have beenreported by various users of this test. Vresmeasurements in excess of thismay occur when fluid in the atomization chamber is not poured back intothe lower reservoir as in 10.2.6, or if
