1、Designation: D 7113 09Standard Test Method forDensity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures in Place by theElectromagnetic Surface Contact Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test
3、 method covers the procedures for determiningthe in-place density and relative compaction of bituminousconcrete pavement paving mixtures by an electromagneticsurface contact device by measuring changes in the electro-magnetic field resulting from the compaction process.1.2 The equipment referenced i
4、n this method is a surfacecontact device, which must accommodate surface moisture andtemperature variation in the range typically encountered inpaving applications. This can be accomplished by designparameters that reduce the devices sensitivity to surfacemoisture and temperature variation or by mea
5、surements andalgorithms to account for surface moisture and temperaturevariance in the rolling pattern.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and h
6、ealth practices prior to use.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD 1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof
7、Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using CoatedSamplesD 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD 3665 Practice for Random Sampling of ConstructionMaterialsD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road a
8、nd Paving MaterialsD 5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-tures for Laboratory TestingD 6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum Sealing Method3. Significance and Use3.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid,
9、 nonde-structive technique for determining the in-place density orrelative compaction of compacted bituminous mixtures.3.2 The test method can be used to establish the properrolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.3.3 The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitivemeasure
10、ments to be made at a single test location betweenroller passes or at multiple locations across the mat to monitorchanges in density.3.4 The density results obtained by this test method arerelative. Device calibration (correlation with other test meth-ods) is required to convert the results obtained
11、 using thismethod to actual density. Section 6 of this test methoddescribes a method that has proven to be acceptable forcorrelation.NOTE 1The personnel and equipment used in performing this test canbe evaluated in accordance with Specification D 3666.NOTE 2Research and evaluation of devices used in
12、 this test methodhas been conducted. Reference is made to “Evaluation of Non-NuclearGauges to Measure Density of Hot-Mixed Asphalt Pavements,” a pooledfund study, Pedro Romero, Ph.D., P.E., July 2002.4. Interferences4.1 Electromagnetic force fields such as high-tension powerlines, or large metal obj
13、ects in close proximity may interferewith the device reading.4.2 The chemical composition of the material being testedmay significantly affect the measurement and adjustments maybe necessary. The device can be calibrated to the specific mixdesign being used in the field.1This test method is under th
14、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved June 1, 2009 Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005
15、 as D 7113 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 The test method exhibits spatial bias in that the device ismost sensitive to the density of the material in closest prox-imity to the sensor.4.4 The surface texture of the material being tested maycause lower than actual density
17、 determination.4.5 Oversize aggregate particles in the sensor path maycause variations in density determination.4.6 The actual sample volume varies with the apparatus andthe density of the material. In general, the higher the densitythe smaller the volume ( see Note 3).NOTE 3The volume of field comp
18、acted material represented by a testcan effectively be increased by repeating the test at adjacent locations andaveraging the results.5. Apparatus5.1 Electronic Sensing DeviceAn electronic counting de-vice, capable of being seated on the surface of the materialunder test, and which meets the outline
19、 below:5.1.1 The device shall be housed in an enclosure of heavy-duty construction and designed for taking in-situ densitymeasurements of bituminous paving mixtures.5.1.2 The device shall function in the mat temperature andmoisture levels experienced during the placement of hotbituminous paving mixt
20、ures.5.1.3 The device shall include the internal circuitry suitablefor displaying individual measurements to allow operators torecord the readings.5.1.4 The device shall include a continuous reading mode ofoperation.5.1.5 The device shall employ suitable electronic circuitryto provide power and sign
21、al conditioning to the sensor toprovide the data acquisition and readout function, and allowcalibration of the unit over the expected range of applicationconditions and materials.NOTE 4The device manufacturer may choose to supply a ReferenceStandard, a block of material used for checking device oper
22、ation and toestablish conditions before actual pavement measurements are made.6. Calibration6.1 Calibrate the device for each mixture prior to perform-ing tests on that particular mixture.6.2 Record the calibration method used and the specificvalues obtained for future use of the device on the same
23、typeof material.6.3 The calibration must be conducted on the mat within themat temperature range that will be encountered during subse-quent testing.6.4 The core calibration allows the device to be offset to aspecific density measured using Test Method D 1188, TestMethod D 2726, or Test Method D 675
24、2.6.4.1 Identify three to ten test locations within a 3-meter(10-ft) length in the direction of the paving train on the mat.6.4.2 At each location take a minimum of four measure-ments following the device manufacturers recommendationfor seating the device on the pavement and the procedures ofoperati
25、on noted in 7.7.6.4.3 Record each individual measurement and the averagefor each location.6.4.4 Cut a 150-mm (6-in.) core from the pavement locationin accordance with Practice D 5361 and proceed with theappropriate test method for determining the bulk specificgravity of the compacted specimen.6.4.5
26、Average all device readings.Average all core measure-ments. Compare these values to determine a device offset.6.4.6 Offset the device reading to reflect the value derived instep 6.4.5.7. Procedure of Operation7.1 The device should be turned on sufficiently in advanceof taking any readings to allow t
27、he device to stabilize.7.2 Standardize the device using the manufacturers proce-dures as described in the device operation manual.7.3 Select a test location in accordance with the projectspecifications, or, if not otherwise specified, in accordance withPractice D 3665.7.4 Ensure that no sources of e
28、lectromagnetic interferencesuch as high-tension power lines or large metal objects are nearthe immediate vicinity of the device.7.5 For best results, avoid surfaces with large temperatureextremes.7.6 The following procedure may be used to determine therequired number of roller passes:7.6.1 Measure a
29、nd record readings on the un-compactedmixture exiting the screed.7.6.2 After each roller pass, measure and record the com-paction readings.7.6.3 When the measurements no longer increase or fallback with additional roller passes, record this reading and thenumber of passes.7.6.4 Repeat steps 7.6.1 an
30、d 7.6.2 after each roller typewhere compaction is to be monitored.7.7 The following procedure may be used for taking mea-surements on one or more pavement locations:7.7.1 Select a smooth surface with no excess water (rollerwater is acceptable). Brush the surface clear of any sand orstones, which wou
31、ld prevent contact between the surface andthe measuring device. The optimum condition for generaltesting would be a smooth surface, with total contact betweenthe bottom surface of the device and the surface being tested.Optimum calibration conditions are the same as above includ-ing recommendations
32、from the device manufacturer withrespect to pavement moisture.7.7.2 Ensure the device is calibrated for the site conditionsand bituminous mix being placed in accordance with Section 6of this test method.7.7.3 Seat the device on the test surface allowing for themaximum device-to-material surface cont
33、act. If necessary,rotate the device to gain the maximum contact and eliminateany rocking or high points in the contact area.7.7.4 For multiple testing and averaging for a specificlocation, follow the device manufacturers recommendation forplacing the device on the mat.7.7.5 If profiling the pavement
34、 surface, measure and recordeach reading. Compare the individual readings to observableirregularities in the mat that may establish or identify segrega-tion, uniformity or texture issues.D71130927.7.6 After initiating a test, the operator must move awayfrom the device for a minimum distance of 30 cm
35、 (1 ft).NOTE 5Do not place the device on a hot surface unless you areconducting measurements. Prolonged high temperatures may adverselyaffect the devices electronics. The device should be allowed to coolbetween measurements.8. Report8.1 Immediately after taking the density reading(s), recordthe foll
36、owing data:8.1.1 Job site identification and the test site location data,such as station number, offset from centerline, and so forth, inaccordance with locally-established conventions.8.1.2 Device calibration data as specified in Section 6.8.1.3 Individual density readings at each measured pointwit
37、hin a test location to the nearest 0.001 g/cc, together withthe calculated average density value for the location.8.1.4 Corresponding density data (if taken) from alternativemethods for each test location to the nearest 0.001 g/cc. Suchdata may be from nuclear gage or core sample methods.8.1.5 Notat
38、ion of any qualitative observations of testing ormaterial conditions that may affect the accuracy or interpreta-tion of the test results.8.1.6 Temperature of the bituminous mat at the time of thereading, to the nearest 0.5 C, if taken.8.1.7 Dated signature by the test operator.9. Precision and Bias3
39、9.1 Precision:9.1.1 Precision is based on a field experiment in 2008 thatused six gauges from five manufacturers. Materials includedSuperpave 9.5, 12.5, 19.0, and 37.5 HMA used on a construc-tion project sponsored by the New York DOT. Density variedfrom 123.9 to 156.0 pounds per cubic foot with mean
40、 of 137.6and standard deviation 3.089. Each test with a single gauge wasconducted by the same operator, therefore, single-operatorprecision for this statement is also considered to be single-gauge precision if conducted by the same operator.9.1.2 Single Operator PrecisionThe single-operator stan-dar
41、d deviation has been found to be 1.28 pounds per cubic foot(20.50 kgm3).4Therefore, results of two properly conductedtests by the same operator on the same material should notdiffer by more than 3.6 pounds per cubic foot (57.67 kgm3).49.1.3 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratory stan-dard devi
42、ation has been found to be 1.47 pounds per cubic foot(23.55 kgm3).4Therefore, results of two properly conductedtests from two different laboratories on the same materialshould not differ by more than 4.1 pounds per cubic foot (65.68kgm3).49.2 Bias:9.2.1 There is no consensus on the most accurate met
43、hod todetermine the values of density against which this test can becompared. Accordingly, a statement of method bias cannot bemade.NOTE 6With regards to the Bias statement above, any user may electto conduct a comparison of these gauges related to the laboratorymeasured value from core samples. Gau
44、ge measurements should be takendirectly on the location of the pavement where cores will be cut.10. Keywords10.1 bituminous-concrete density; density; in-place density;non-nuclear test method, electronic density deviceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights
45、asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any tim
46、e by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will r
47、eceive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM I
48、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or th
49、rough the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D04-1033.4These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits as described inPractice C 670, for Preparing Precision Statements for Test Methods for Construc-tion Materials.D7113093
