1、Designation:D714305 Designation: D7143 11Standard Practice forEmission Cells for the Determination of Volatile OrganicEmissions from Indoor Materials/Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis practice complements Guide D5116 and Practice D6670.1. Scope1.1 Th
3、is practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products usingemission cells. It can be applied in principle to most construction materials and many products used indoors. Objectives include:1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users
4、with emission data useful for evaluating the impact of buildingproducts, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model room.1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower VOC emissions.1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for determining the area specific emission rat
5、e of VOCs from newlyproduced building products under defined climate conditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measurementson building products on-site in buildings. Ho
6、wever, the procedure for such measurements is not described in this standard.1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission testing.Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens ar
7、e also described.1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternative samplingand analytical approaches for formaldehyde and other carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.NOTE 1All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde
8、 can be analyzed by either Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.NOTE 2Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific objectives.NOTE 3Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be analyzed (for example, ammonia).1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appendi
9、x X2 of this practice.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Fac
10、tors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Methodology)D5337 Practice f
11、or Flow Rate Calibration of Personal Sampling PumpsD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile OrganicCompounds in AirD6330 Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-BasedPanel
12、s Using Small Environmental Chambers Under Defined Test ConditionsD6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products Practicefor Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD7339 Test Metho
13、d for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Carpet using a Specific Sorbent Tube and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published
14、 May 2005. DOI: 10.1520/D7143-05.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7143 - 05. DOI:10.1520/D7143-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous
16、 version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Intern
17、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Thermal Desorption / Gas Chromatography2.2 Others Standards and Documents:EN 196-1 Methods of Testing CementPart 1: Determination of StrengthEN 428 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Overall Thickness
18、EN 430 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Mass per Unit AreaEN 927-1 Paints and VarnishesCoating Materials and Coating Systems for Exterior WoodEN 1937 Test Method for Hydraulic Setting Floor Smoothing and/or Leveling CompoundsStandard Mixing ProceduresEN 13892-1 Methods of Test for Screed Ma
19、terialsPart 2: Sampling, Making, and Curing Specimens for Test EN ISO3251Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Non-Volatile Matter of Paints, Varnishes, and Binders for Paints and VarnishesEN ISO 16017-1Air QualitySampling andAnalysis of Volatile Organic Compounds inAmbientAir, IndoorAir and Workplac
20、eAir by Sorbent Tube/Thermal Desorption/Capillary Gas ChromatographyPart 1: Pumped SamplingEN ISO DIS 13419-1Building ProductsDetermination of the Emission of Volatile Organic CompoundsPart 1: Emission TestChamber MethodISO 554 Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/or TestingISO 1765 Machine-Mad
21、e Textile Floor CoveringsDetermination of ThicknessISO 2811 Paints and varnishesDetermination of densityISO 3233 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Percentage Volume of Non-Volatile Matter by Measuring the Density of aDried CoatingISO 3251 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Non-Volatile Matter o
22、f Paints, Varnishes, and Binders for Paints andVarnishesISO 8543 Textile Floor CoveringsMethods for Determination of MassISO 16000-6Indoor airPart 6: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by ActiveSampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatog
23、raphy Using MS/FID Indoor AirPart 6:Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by Active Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent,Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FIDISO 16000-9 Indoor AirPart 9: Determination of the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from B
24、uilding Products andFurnishingEmission Test Chamber MethodISO 16000-10 IndoorAirPart 10: Determination of the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Building Products andFurnishingEmission Test Cell MethodISO 16017-1 Indoor, ambient and workplace airSampling and analysis of volatile organic com
25、pounds by sorbent tube/thermaldesorption/capillary gas chromatographyPart 1: Pumped samplingEPA-600/4-89/017 US EPACompendium of Methods for Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds inAmbientAir availablethrough the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; PB90-116989. This rep
26、ort contains US EPAMethod TO-17Determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using active sampling onto sorbent tubes.Nordtest NT Build 438 (1995) Building Materials: Emission of Volatile ChemicalsField and Laboratory Emission Cell3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions and terms c
27、ommonly used in ASTM standards, including this practice, refer to TerminologyD1356. For definitions and terms commonly used when testing materials and products for VOC emissions, refer to Guide D5116.For an explanation of general units, symbols and conversion factors, refer to Practice D19143.2 Defi
28、nitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.3.2.1 air change ratethe flow rate of clean, conditioned air into the cell divided by the cell volume; usually expressed in unitsof h1.3.2.2area specific air flow rateratio between
29、 the supply air flow rate and the area of the test specimen.3.2.3emission cella portable device for the determination of volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials/products.3.2.3.13.2.1.1 DiscussionThe emission cell is placed against the surface of the test specimen, such that the surf
30、ace of the testspecimen itself becomes part of the emission cell. This is the fundamental difference between emission cells and emissionchambers. The air inlet of the emission cell is designed such that the flow of air is directed over the surface of the test specimen.3.2.3.23.2.1.2 DiscussionAn exa
31、mple emission cell is described in Appendix X2.3.2.4product loading factorthe ratio of the test specimen area and the emission cell volume.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Emission cells are suitable for relatively-homogeneous indoor materials/products, which present a planar surface to theemission cell.D7
32、143 112NOTE 4Small emissions chambers are similarly limited with respect to sample inhomogeneity. To overcome this issue, with either emission cells orsmall emission chambers, multiple measurements should be made from different parts of the same sample in order to obtain an average emissionmeasureme
33、nt.4.2 Indoor materials/products which have a planar surface (wood-based panel products, dried paints or coatings, flooringproducts, textiles, foams, polymer sheeting, dried adhesive layers, and so forth) or which can be made to present a planar surfaceto the emission cell (polymer beads, carpet, mo
34、ld cultures in petriPetri dishes, and so forth) are placed under the emission cell suchthat the test specimen itself forms one face of the emission cell. Pure, humidified air is passed into the cell through a baffle aroundthe perimeter such that it passes over the whole surface of the test specimen.
35、 The temperature and humidity are closely controlled.As air passes over the test specimen, vapor-phase organics emitted from the surface are swept away from the test specimen in theflow of air. The air/vapor exit (exhaust) point is usually located centrally, immediately above the test specimen surfa
36、ce, to avoidunswept volumes and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix X2). The exhaust air is fully mixed such that air sampled at the exit pointis representative of the air in the cell. Approximately 80 % of the flow of air into the cell is pumped onto two sample tubes. Theexcess air is allowed to exh
37、aust through an overflow vent to ensure that a slight positive pressure is maintained inside the cell toprevent ingress of background air.4.3 The air flow rate is set such that the air velocity over the surface of the test specimen has no effect on the area specificemission rate (see 6.4). The emiss
38、ionsemission tests are carried out at fixed times after preparation of the test specimen (forexample, after 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 10 days, 28 days, 56 days, or 182 days (26 weeks). Throughout the entire test period,test pieces shall either be kept under the emission cell under the flow of pur
39、e, humidified air, or stored in a clean, well-ventilatedenvironment, under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity, with no risk of contamination from other samples or otheremission sources.NOTE 5The air flow rate at the surface of the test specimen is particularly critical for wet indoor
40、materials / products where the primary emissionprocess is evaporation (external diffusion). In these cases, while it will remain possible to compare emission data from wet samples collected using similaremission cells under identical conditions, the non-uniformity and relative slowness of the air ve
41、locity at the surface of the test specimen, will makeitdifficult to compare emission cell data with that obtained using an emission chamber (see Appendix X4).NOTE 6Similar limitations make it difficult to compare emission data from two different small chambers or from the same chamber under differen
42、toperating conditions, if that data is obtained during the drying/curing stages of a wet product.4.4 The sample tubes used for collecting VOCs are analyzed by thermal desorption: gas chromatography (GC); usually withmass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID) to identify and quantify
43、 the target volatile organic compounds asdescribed in Practice D6196, ISO 16000-6 or ISO 16017-1. The measured masses of volatile organic compounds retained by thesorbent tubes are then used to determine the area specific emission rates of the material or product. Alternative sampling andanalytical
44、techniques are used for formaldehyde (and for other carbonyls) as described in Test Method D5197.5. Significance and Use5.1 Indoor materials/products are products or materials used for construction works or in the indoor environment. The areaspecific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from
45、 an indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expectedcontribution of emissions from that material/product to the atmosphere of a given indoor environment.5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and categorize different indoor materials/products of similar function.5.3 Emission cell
46、testing of area specific emissions may alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for example,sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions generated by chemicaldegradation of the indoor material/product caused by specific
47、atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or NOx).6. Principles6.1 General Principles6.1.1 Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t) are calculated from the masses of target volatile organic compoundscollected on the sample tubes, the flow of air pumped through each sample tube, the tota
48、l flow of air entering the emission cell,the duration of the test and the exposed surface area of the test specimen. Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t)can also be expressed as a function of the emission cell air concentrations for each VOC and the area specific air flow rate, q.
49、6.1.2 Air velocity at the surface of the test specimen (Appendix X3 and Appendix X4) is a critical parameter for the analysisof wet-applied indoor materials/products during the drying/curing stage when the dominant emission mechanism is evaporation(external diffusion) (see 6.4).6.2 Using Emission Data to Estimate Contribution to Atmospheric VOC Concentration Indoors6.2.1 Provided the area specific air flow rate over the surface of the test specimen is similar to that found in the builtenvironment, and provided the surface of the indoor materia
