1、Designation: D 7158 07Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Sealed Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/Uplift Resistance Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculatingthe wind resistance of asphalt shingles when a
3、pplied inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, and sealedunder defined conditions. The method calculates the upliftforce exerted on the shingle by the action of wind at a specifiedvelocity, and compares that to the mechanical uplift resistanceof the shingle. A shingle is determined to be w
4、ind resistant ata specified basic wind speed when the measured uplift resis-tance exceeds the calculated uplift force for that velocity(3-second gust, ASCE 7).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standar
5、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
6、 Standards:2D 225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD 228 Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis ofAsphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used inRoofing and WaterproofingD 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-ingD 3161 Tes
7、t Method for Wind-Resistance of AsphaltShingles (Fan-Induced Method)D 3462 Specification forAsphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD 6381 Test Method for Measurement of Asphalt ShingleMechanical Uplift Resistance2.2 ASCE Standard:ASCE 702 Minimum Design Loads for Buil
8、dings andOther Structures32.3 ANSI/UL Standard:ANSI/UL 239004 Test Method for Wind ResistantAsphaltShingles with Sealed Tabs43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D 1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 seala
9、ntas it relates to steep roofing shingles,isdefined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphalticmaterial designed to seal the shingles to each other under theaction of time and temperature after the shingles are applied toa roof.3.2.2 sealas it relates to steep roofing shingles,isthebondi
10、ng that results from the activation of the sealant under theaction of time and temperature.4. Types and Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are classified based on their resistance to windvelocities determined from measured data (Section 11), calcu-lations of uplift force (Section 12), and interpretatio
11、n of results(Section 13), as follows:4.1.1 Class DPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 145 km/h (90 mph).4.1.2 Class GPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 193 km/h (120 mph).4.1.3 Class HPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 242 km/h (150 mph).5. Summary of Test Method5.
12、1 The uplift force induced by wind passing over thesurface of asphalt shingles is determined by calculation involv-ing the uplift coefficients obtained from pressures measured1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility
13、 of Subcommittee D08.02 onPrepared Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 7158 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
14、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191.4Available from American National Standards Ins
15、titute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.above and below the shingle at the windward and leeward sidesof the sealant, taking into account the desired basic wind speed
16、classification and the uplift rigidity of the shingle. The calcu-lated uplift force (FT) for each of the possible classifications iscompared to the measured uplift resistance (RT) of the sealedshingle to establish the wind resistance classification of theshingle.5.2 The method involves three steps:5
17、.2.1 Uplift coefficients are determined by measuring pres-sure differences above and below the shingle as air moves overthe surface of a deck of sealed shingles under controlledconditions.5.2.2 The uplift forces acting on the shingle are calculated,using the wind uplift coefficients, shingle sealant
18、 configurationand a specific basic wind speed.5.2.3 Shingle uplift resistance to that specific basic windspeed is determined by comparing the calculated uplift forcesacting on the sealant to the uplift resistances measured withTest Method D 6381. Uplift resistances from Procedure A andProcedure B ar
19、e applied against the uplift forces in a mannerdetailed in the calculation section.5.3 This test method is applicable to any asphalt shinglesurfaced with mineral granules where the shingle above isaffixed to the surface of the shingle below with a sealant(factory or field applied) applied in a patte
20、rn aligned parallel tothe windward edge of the shingle.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method for researchpurposes using variations in the number and placement of fasteners. If thisis done, the report shall include details of the number and placement offasteners.6. Significance and Use6.
21、1 The wind resistance of asphalt shingles is directlyrelated to the ability of the sealed shingle to resist the force ofthe wind acting to lift the shingle from the shingle below. Thistest method employs the measured resistance of the shingle tomechanical uplift after sealing under defined condition
22、s, in acalculation which determines whether this resistance exceedsthe calculated force induced by wind passing over the surfaceof the shingle. Natural wind conditions differ with respect tointensity, duration, and turbulence; while these conditions wereconsidered, and safety factors introduced, ext
23、reme naturalvariations are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.6.2 Many factors influence the sealing characteristics ofshingles in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope,contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that aremisaligned or under driven and interfere with
24、 sealing. It isbeyond the scope of this test method to address all of theseinfluences. The classification determined in this test method isbased on the mechanical uplift resistance determined whenrepresentative samples of shingles are sealed under definedconditions before testing.6.3 The calculation
25、s that support the Classes in 4.1 useseveral standard building environment factors. These includethe 3-s wind gust exposure from ASCE-7, installation onCategory I or II buildings for all slopes, ground roughness B orC, and installation on buildings 60 ft tall or less.NOTE 2The assumptions used in th
26、e calculations for the classes in 4.1cover the requirements for the majority of the asphalt shingle roofsinstalled. If environmental factors are outside those used in the calcula-tions for these classes, such as ground roughness D, building heightsgreater than 60 ft tall, building use categories III
27、 or IV and other exposuresas defined byASCE-7, other calculations are required. Consult the shinglemanufacturer for the specific shingles DCp, EI, L, L1, and L2 valuesneeded to complete these calculations.6.4 The test to determine uplift coefficients is conductedwith a wind velocity of 15.6 6 1.3 m/
28、s (35 6 3 mph). Researchdata obtained during the development of this test procedure, aswell as standard wind modeling practices, provides for dataextrapolation to other wind speeds. In order to simulate theraised shingle edge that is inherent behavior under high windexposure, shims are inserted unde
29、r the windward edge of theshingle as appropriate based on wind speed and uplift rigidityof the shingle being investigated. This test method provides ameans of measuring shingle uplift rigidity which is used todetermine the correct shim thickness. Additionally, this testmethod allows for the use of a
30、 default value for uplift rigidity(EI) of 7175 N-mm2(2.5 lbf-in.2), if a rigidity measurement isnot made. This default value is conservative since the lowest EImeasured in the development of this program was 14 350N-mm2(5.0 lbf-in.2).NOTE 3 The entire field of wind engineering is based on use ofsmal
31、l-scale models in wind tunnels using wind speeds much lower thanthe full-scale values. Building Codes permit testing of this type to replacethe analytical provisions of the Building Code through the provisions ofASCE 7. (See Appendix X1 for details and references.)7. Apparatus7.1 The apparatus descr
32、ibed in Test Method D 6381, Proce-dure A, modified as described below, is used to determine theuplift rigidity of the shingle being evaluated.7.2 The apparatus described in Test Method D 3161, modi-fied as described below, is used to determine the wind upliftcoefficient of the shingle being evaluate
33、d.7.3 Air flow instrumentation capable of continuously mea-suring and recording time-averaged velocity accurate to 60.45m/s (61.0 mph) and a method of traversing the measurementdevice above the test deck is used to measure velocities of theair flow.7.4 Air pressure instrumentation capable of continu
34、ouslymeasuring and electronically recording the time-averaged pres-sures of 2.5 to 311 Pa (0.01 to 1.25 in. of water) is use tomeasure the pressure above and below the shingle on the testdeck.7.5 Shims of thickness 1 6 0.05 mm (0.04 6 0.002 in.) anda maximum length and width of 5.1 by 5.1 mm (0.2 by
35、 0.2 in.)are used to lift the windward edge of the shingle during part ofthe wind uplift coefficient measurements (see 11.2.5). Shims ofother thicknesses, but a minimum of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.), and amaximum width and length of 5.1 by 5.1 mm (0.2 by 0.2 in.),are used as required, alone or in combinatio
36、n, to lift thewindward edge to the height calculated from the shingledeflection (see 11.2.13).NOTE 4The modifications to the Test Method D 3161 apparatus toinduce turbulence, the air flow and pressure measurement instrumentation,and the shims employed, are consistent with the procedure developed for
37、Test Method ANSI/UL 2390 for shingle wind resistance testing.D71580727.6 The apparatus described in Test Method D 6381 is usedto determine the mechanical uplift resistance of the shinglebeing evaluated. The selection of Procedure A or B in TestMethod D 6381 is dictated by the magnitude of the forces
38、 infront of (FF) and behind (FB) the sealant as calculated using themeasured wind uplift coefficient and the geometry of theshingle being evaluated (see 12.2).8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Shingle Uplift RigidityUse a metal shim 90 by 90 mm(3.5 by 3.5 in.) with thickness equal to or greater than th
39、at ofthe jaw of the pendant clamp in Test Method D 6381 to allowinsertion of the jaw of the pendant clamp without deflecting thespecimen before the test begins. Insert the shim all the way tothe base (“stop”) of the specimen clamp on the lower fixture.The second specimen clamp on the lower fixture i
40、s not used inthis test. The same “stop” shall be used each time for both theshim and the specimens. See Fig. 1.8.2 Shingle Wind Uplift Coeffcient:8.2.1 Install devices to induce the desired turbulent air flowfrom the fan-induced wind apparatus used in Test MethodD 3161 as follows:8.2.1.1 Install a t
41、urbulence grid as shown in Fig. 2 in the airflow exit orifice of the fan-induced wind apparatus.8.2.1.2 Install a bridge panel with roughness strips betweenthe air flow orifice of the apparatus used in Test MethodD 3161 and the test deck as shown in Fig. 3.8.2.1.3 The overall arrangement of a modifi
42、ed Test MethodD 3161 apparatus is shown schematically in Fig. 4.8.2.1.4 Test decks shall be constructed in accordance withTest Method D 3161, with the shingles applied in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions. The test deck sits on anadjustable stand, and is fixed at 0.91 m (36 in.) from the
43、 airflow orifice. A rigid bridge with roughness strips (as shown inFig. 4) is placed between the orifice and the test deck, and thereis no step between the bridge and the deck. The bridge and thedeck are both set at a slope of 1.6 6 0.5 degrees. A minimumof 4 ft (1.2 m) of clear space shall be maint
44、ained at the sidesand back of the test panel deck.8.2.1.5 The measurement area, as shown in Fig. 5, is an areaof 305 by 178 mm (12 by 7 in.) with the long directionperpendicular to the airflow. The area is centered 635 mm (25in.) from either side of the 1.27 m (50 in.) dimension of the testdeck. The
45、 front edge of the measurement area shall be the firstcourse of shingles located within the measurement area with itswindward edge at least 356 mm (14 in.) from the edge of thetest deck closest to the air source.8.2.1.6 Calibrate the air flow as follows: A vertical velocityprofile of time-averaged (
46、mean) velocity shall be measured atthe center of the measurement area at 12.7 and 25.4 mm (0.5and 1.0 in.) above the surface, and at every 25.4 mm (1.0 in.)above the previous measurement to a height of 152 mm (6 in.).The velocity will increase with distance from the surface, reachFIG. 1 Apparatus Us
47、ed in Test Method D 6381 Modified for this Test Method Using a Metal Shim and Using Only One Specimen ClampD7158073a peak value, and begin to decrease with additional height.Record the maximum velocity and its height. This maximumvelocity shall be at least 15.6 m/s (35 mph).Ahorizontal profileof tim
48、e-averaged velocities across the measurement area shallbe made at the height of maximum velocity (see Note 5)inthevertical profile, and progressing in 25.4 mm (1.0 in.) steps inboth horizontal directions perpendicular to the airflow withinthe boundaries of the 305-mm (12-in.) wide measurement area.A
49、ll velocities in the horizontal profile shall be within 65.0 %of the maximum velocity recorded in the vertical profile.NOTE 5This height has been demonstrated to occur at approximately102 mm (4 in.).8.2.2 Installation of Pressure Taps in the Test Decks:NOTE1 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 2 Turbulence Grid Installed at Air Flow Exit Orifice of Apparatus Used in Test Method D 3161NOTE1 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 3 Bridge Panel with Roughness Strips Installed Between Air Flow Exit Orifice of Apparatus Used in Test Method D 3161 and TestDeckFIG. 4 Overall Schematic of Test Arrangement fo
