1、Designation: D 7163 05Standard Test Method forSpecular Gloss of Printed Matter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7163; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe specular gloss of printed matter.1.2 This test is applicable to prints on any flat substrate
3、including paper, paperboard, metallic foil and plastic producedby any printing process, either in the laboratory or on aproduction printing press.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, is any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
4、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 523 Test Method for Specular GlossD 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboardD 1223 Test Method for Spec
5、ular Gloss of Paper andPaperboard at 75 DegreesD 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaperE 284 Terminology of Appearance3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gloss, nangular selectivity of reflectance, involvingsurface reflected light, responsible for the degree to whichreflected high
6、lights or images of objects may be seen assuperimposed on a surface (Terminology E 284); surface lusteror shine.3.1.2 specular gloss, ngloss when the angle of viewing isthe same as that of the lighting (Terminology E 284).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Printed samples are selected that are the same co
7、lor/shade and uniformly produced at equal optical print density orat known ink film thickness.4.2 The specimens are placed on a flat surface atop severalsheets of the designated backing.4.3 A calibrated glossmeter is positioned on the specimen ina consistent print direction. The most prevalent gloss
8、meterangle for printed matter is 60 degrees (30 degrees from theplane of the specimen).4.4 Depending on the size of the print, gloss measurementsare made on three to five different positions on each specimen.The mean values from three specimens are averaged forreporting purposes.5. Significance and
9、Use5.1 Specular gloss is a very important appearance parameterof printed matter. High gloss may be preferred for somepurposes such as magazine covers, packaging and advertising,while lower gloss is preferred for minimizing glare, forexample, in reading text.5.2 This method provides a means of determ
10、ining gloss ofprints produced in the laboratory, or to monitor print gloss ona production printing press.6. Apparatus6.1 Specular glossmeter, preferably a multi-angle modelhaving 20, 60, and 85 geometry; alternatively, a single-anglemodel having 60 or other geometry as agreed upon betweenproducer an
11、d user. Table 1 lists recommended angles forvarious purposes.6.2 Reflection-densitometer, for determining optical printdensity.7. Materials7.1 Unprinted substrate (optional), identical to that used forthe printed sample.7.2 Backing material, for use during instrumental measure-ments. By agreement be
12、tween producer and user, the backingfor paper substrates may be a standard matte black or at least1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved May 15, 2005, 2005. Published July 2005
13、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
14、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.three sheets of the unprinted paper; for clear film, a standardblack or a standard white.8. Test Samples8.1 This test method does not cover preparation of printedsamples. When preparing prints in the laboratory, specialattention must be paid to
15、the amount of ink applied. In caseswhere ink film thickness is not directly measured, equivalencyof ink film thickness is controlled by the optical print densityvalue.8.2 The specimen to be measured must be large enough toaccommodate the aperture of the glossmeter. Prints must bethoroughly dry and f
16、ree of wrinkles, folds, fingerprints andother such defects. (WarningWhen handling test specimens,be careful not to contaminate the surface by touching withfingers.)9. Preparation9.1 Calibrate the glossmeter and the densitometer accordingto the manufacturers instructions.NOTE 1The calibration standar
17、d for gloss is a highly polished blackglass with a refractive index of 1.567 and an assigned specular gloss valueof 100 for each geometry. Keep the standard clean and away from any dirtor abrasive material that might mar its surface. See also Test MethodD 523.9.2 If the glossmeter geometry has not b
18、een specified,determine the appropriate angle for the material being tested.As noted in Table 1, first measure the gloss with the 60geometry; retain this geometry if the gloss reading is between10 and 70 units. If higher than 70 units, use the 20 geometry.If lower than 10 units, use the 85 geometry.
19、9.3 If the substrate is paper, determine its machine directionusing Test Method D 528 and the side (felt or wire) by TestMethod D 5039. For ease of identification, the direction can bemarked with an arrow and the side labeled felt or wire.Alternatively, the sides can be labeled top and bottom.NOTE 2
20、The importance of side and direction, especially in the case ofuncoated stock, is that they influence the pattern of surface irregularitiesand, in turn, measured gloss values.9.4 If the prints are from routine laboratory printing or froma production press, measure the optical density and select atle
21、ast three prints that are within 60.05 units.9.5 If the prints are for research purposes, ink film thicknesscan be determined by weighing the print transfer roll beforeand after printing.9.6 Optionally, the gloss of the unprinted substrate ismeasured before printing in the laboratory; if it is a com
22、mercialprint, the non-image area can be utilized.NOTE 3The non-image area of specimens from a commercial presscan be affected by the printing process due to moisture (from fountainsolution), drying processes, residual ink, etc., which can alter the originalpaper gloss.10. Procedure10.1 Position the
23、specimen atop the designated backingmaterial (7.2) on a flat uniform surface.10.2 Place the glossmeter on the specimen in a consistentdirection. Take readings at three to five different positions onthe print. Record readings in gloss units between 0 and 100 andcompute the mean value.10.3 If availabl
24、e, repeat 10.1 and 10.2 on two additionalspecimens such that the same locations on each specimen aremeasured. Compute the overall mean value.10.4 (Optional) Measure the gloss of the unprinted substratein the same fashion as 10.1-10.3.10.5 (Optional) Compute the delta gloss, which is the glossof the
25、print minus the gloss of the unprinted substrate.11. Report11.1 The report should contain all the pertinent data listedbelow:11.1.1 Overall mean value for specular gloss value.11.1.2 Description of the printed sample (production orlaboratory), the color, print area (solid or halftone) and the typeof
26、 substrate.11.1.3 Print density or ink film thickness, or both.11.1.4 Angle of measurement.11.1.5 Paper direction (machine or cross machine) or side(wire or top), or both, used for measurement, if known.11.1.6 Delta gloss (optional).12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of thi
27、s testmethod was conducted in which one operator in each of thefive laboratories made 60 degree specular gloss measurementsin quadruplicate on four prints ranging in gloss from 13 to 94units. The within laboratory pooled standard deviation was 0.6gloss units and the between laboratory pooled standar
28、d was 2.8gloss units. Based on these standard deviations, the followingcriteria should be used for judging the acceptability of theresults at the 95 % confidence level:TABLE 1 Recommended Specular Glossmeter AnglesGlossmeterAngleAin degreesTest Method Purpose60 (30) D 523 For inter comparing most sp
29、ecimensor for determining when 20 or 85geometry is more appropriate.Recommended for printed matter ingeneral.20 (70) D 523 For higher gloss coatings and whencomparing specimens that have 60values higher than 70.85 (05) D 523 Used for comparing specimens forsheen or near-grazing shininess. Itis most
30、frequently used whenspecimens have 60 gloss valueslower than 10.75 (15) D 1223 Used by the paper industry for papergloss; found to provide the bestdiscrimination among unprinted bondpapers.45 (45) CeramicsAThe first number refers to the nominal angle of lighting and viewing asmeasured from a line pe
31、rpendicular to the specimen surface. The number inparenthesis refers to the angles measured from the plane of the surface.D716305212.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results, each the mean of fourmeasurements by one operator should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 1.7 gloss units.12.1.2 Reproduc
32、ibilityTwo results, each the mean of fourresults obtained by operators in different laboratories should beconsidered suspect if they differ by more than 7.8 gloss units.12.2 BiasSpecular gloss is based on the change in refrac-tive index as light passes from the air onto the surface of asmooth, diele
33、ctric material, such as a high-gloss ink as de-scribed by Fresnels law. Standards of specular gloss have beenshown to have a combined standard uncertainty of 61 glossunit. While there were no accepted reference values for thematerials used in inter-comparison reported in this section, itcan be assum
34、ed that an upper limit on the bias will beequivalent to the reported combined uncertainty of 61 glossunit.13. Keywords13.1 optical print density; paper; print gloss; printing ink;specular gloss; substrateASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in co
35、nnection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the respo
36、nsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful
37、 consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,
38、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D7163053
