1、Designation: D7163 05 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forSpecular Gloss of Printed Matter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7163; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe specular gloss of printed matter.1.2 This test is applicable to prints on any
3、 flat substrateincluding paper, paperboard, metallic foil and plastic producedby any printing process, either in the laboratory or on aproduction printing press.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, is any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
4、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D523 Test Method for Specular GlossD528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard3D1223 Test Me
5、thod for Specular Gloss of Paper and Paper-board at 753D5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper3E284 Terminology of Appearance3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gloss, nangular selectivity of reflectance, involvingsurface reflected light, responsible for the degree to whichreflect
6、ed highlights or images of objects may be seen assuperimposed on a surface (Terminology E284); surface lusteror shine.3.1.2 specular gloss, ngloss when the angle of viewing isthe same as that of the lighting (Terminology E284).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Printed samples are selected that are the sa
7、me color/shade and uniformly produced at equal optical print density orat known ink film thickness.4.2 The specimens are placed on a flat surface atop severalsheets of the designated backing.4.3 A calibrated glossmeter is positioned on the specimen ina consistent print direction. The most prevalent
8、glossmeterangle for printed matter is 60 degrees (30 degrees from theplane of the specimen).4.4 Depending on the size of the print, gloss measurementsare made on three to five different positions on each specimen.The mean values from three specimens are averaged forreporting purposes.5. Significance
9、 and Use5.1 Specular gloss is a very important appearance parameterof printed matter. High gloss may be preferred for somepurposes such as magazine covers, packaging and advertising,while lower gloss is preferred for minimizing glare, forexample, in reading text.5.2 This method provides a means of d
10、etermining gloss ofprints produced in the laboratory, or to monitor print gloss ona production printing press.6. Apparatus6.1 Specular glossmeter, preferably a multi-angle modelhaving 20, 60, and 85 geometry; alternatively, a single-anglemodel having 60 or other geometry as agreed upon betweenproduc
11、er and user. Table 1 lists recommended angles forvarious purposes.6.2 Reflection-densitometer, for determining optical printdensity.7. Materials7.1 Unprinted substrate (optional), identical to that used forthe printed sample.7.2 Backing material, for use during instrumental measure-ments. By agreeme
12、nt between producer and user, the backingfor paper substrates may be a standard matte black or at leastthree sheets of the unprinted paper; for clear film, a standardblack or a standard white.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 and is thedirect responsibility of Subcomm
13、ittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7163 - 05. DOI: 10.1520/D7163-05R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
14、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
15、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Test Samples8.1 This test method does not cover preparation of printedsamples. When preparing prints in the laboratory, specialattention must be paid to the amount of ink applied. In caseswhere ink film thickness is not directly measured, equivalencyo
16、f ink film thickness is controlled by the optical print densityvalue.8.2 The specimen to be measured must be large enough toaccommodate the aperture of the glossmeter. Prints must bethoroughly dry and free of wrinkles, folds, fingerprints andother such defects. (WarningWhen handling test specimens,b
17、e careful not to contaminate the surface by touching withfingers.)9. Preparation9.1 Calibrate the glossmeter and the densitometer accordingto the manufacturers instructions.NOTE 1The calibration standard for gloss is a highly polished blackglass with a refractive index of 1.567 and an assigned specu
18、lar gloss valueof 100 for each geometry. Keep the standard clean and away from any dirtor abrasive material that might mar its surface. See also Test MethodD523.9.2 If the glossmeter geometry has not been specified,determine the appropriate angle for the material being tested.As noted in Table 1, fi
19、rst measure the gloss with the 60geometry; retain this geometry if the gloss reading is between10 and 70 units. If higher than 70 units, use the 20 geometry.If lower than 10 units, use the 85 geometry.9.3 If the substrate is paper, determine its machine directionusing Test Method D528 and the side (
20、felt or wire) by TestMethod D5039. For ease of identification, the direction can bemarked with an arrow and the side labeled felt or wire.Alternatively, the sides can be labeled top and bottom.NOTE 2The importance of side and direction, especially in the case ofuncoated stock, is that they influence
21、 the pattern of surface irregularitiesand, in turn, measured gloss values.9.4 If the prints are from routine laboratory printing or froma production press, measure the optical density and select atleast three prints that are within 60.05 units.9.5 If the prints are for research purposes, ink film th
22、icknesscan be determined by weighing the print transfer roll beforeand after printing.9.6 Optionally, the gloss of the unprinted substrate ismeasured before printing in the laboratory; if it is a commercialprint, the non-image area can be utilized.NOTE 3The non-image area of specimens from a commerc
23、ial presscan be affected by the printing process due to moisture (from fountainsolution), drying processes, residual ink, etc., which can alter the originalpaper gloss.10. Procedure10.1 Position the specimen atop the designated backingmaterial (7.2) on a flat uniform surface.10.2 Place the glossmete
24、r on the specimen in a consistentdirection. Take readings at three to five different positions onthe print. Record readings in gloss units between 0 and 100 andcompute the mean value.10.3 If available, repeat 10.1 and 10.2 on two additionalspecimens such that the same locations on each specimen arem
25、easured. Compute the overall mean value.10.4 (Optional) Measure the gloss of the unprinted substratein the same fashion as 10.1-10.3.10.5 (Optional) Compute the delta gloss, which is the glossof the print minus the gloss of the unprinted substrate.11. Report11.1 The report should contain all the per
26、tinent data listedbelow:11.1.1 Overall mean value for specular gloss value.11.1.2 Description of the printed sample (production orlaboratory), the color, print area (solid or halftone) and the typeof substrate.11.1.3 Print density or ink film thickness, or both.11.1.4 Angle of measurement.11.1.5 Pap
27、er direction (machine or cross machine) or side(wire or top), or both, used for measurement, if known.11.1.6 Delta gloss (optional).12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of this testmethod was conducted in which one operator in each of thefive laboratories made 60 degree specu
28、lar gloss measurementsin quadruplicate on four prints ranging in gloss from 13 to 94units. The within laboratory pooled standard deviation was 0.6gloss units and the between laboratory pooled standard was 2.8gloss units. Based on these standard deviations, the followingcriteria should be used for ju
29、dging the acceptability of theresults at the 95 % confidence level:12.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results, each the mean of fourmeasurements by one operator should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 1.7 gloss units.TABLE 1 Recommended Specular Glossmeter AnglesGlossmeterAngleAin degreesTest M
30、ethod Purpose60 (30) D523 For inter comparing most specimensor for determining when 20 or 85geometry is more appropriate.Recommended for printed matter ingeneral.20 (70) D523 For higher gloss coatings and whencomparing specimens that have 60values higher than 70.85 (05) D523 Used for comparing speci
31、mens forsheen or near-grazing shininess. Itis most frequently used whenspecimens have 60 gloss valueslower than 10.75 (15) D1223 Used by the paper industry for papergloss; found to provide the bestdiscrimination among unprinted bondpapers.45 (45) CeramicsAThe first number refers to the nominal angle
32、 of lighting and viewing asmeasured from a line perpendicular to the specimen surface. The number inparenthesis refers to the angles measured from the plane of the surface.D7163 05 (2010)212.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean of fourresults obtained by operators in different laboratories
33、should beconsidered suspect if they differ by more than 7.8 gloss units.12.2 BiasSpecular gloss is based on the change in refrac-tive index as light passes from the air onto the surface of asmooth, dielectric material, such as a high-gloss ink as de-scribed by Fresnels law. Standards of specular glo
34、ss have beenshown to have a combined standard uncertainty of 61 glossunit. While there were no accepted reference values for thematerials used in inter-comparison reported in this section, itcan be assumed that an upper limit on the bias will beequivalent to the reported combined uncertainty of 61 g
35、lossunit.13. Keywords13.1 optical print density; paper; print gloss; printing ink;specular gloss; substrateASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised th
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38、eel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual re
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