1、Designation: D7163 11Standard Test Method forSpecular Gloss of Printed Matter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7163; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe specular gloss of printed matter.1.2 This test is applicable to prints on any flat substratein
3、cluding paper, paperboard, metallic foil and plastic producedby any printing process, either in the laboratory or on aproduction printing press.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, is any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
4、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D523 Test Method for Specular GlossD528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard3D1223 Test Method for Specular
5、 Gloss of Paper and Paper-board at 753D5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper3D7305 Test Method for Reflection Density of Printed Mat-terE284 Terminology of Appearance2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 12647 Graphic TechnologyProcess Control for theManufacture of Half-Tone Colour Separations,
6、Proofs andProduction Prints3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gloss, nangular selectivity of reflectance, involvingsurface reflected light, responsible for the degree to whichreflected highlights or images of objects may be seen assuperimposed on a surface (Terminology E284); surface lusteror shine
7、.3.1.2 specular gloss, ngloss when the angle of viewing isthe same as that of the lighting (Terminology E284).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Printed samples are selected that are the same color/shade and uniformly produced at equal reflection density or atknown ink film thickness.4.2 The specimens are
8、 placed on a flat surface atop thedesignated backing material.4.3 Acalibrated glossmeter is positioned on the specimen ina consistent print direction. The most prevalent glossmeterangle for printed matter is 60 degrees (30 degrees from theplane of the specimen).4.4 Depending on the size of the print
9、, gloss measurementsare made on three to five different positions on each specimen.The mean values from three specimens are averaged forreporting purposes.5. Significance and Use5.1 Specular gloss is a very important appearance parameterof printed matter. High gloss may be preferred for somepurposes
10、 such as magazine covers, packaging and advertising,while lower gloss is preferred for minimizing glare, forexample, in reading text.5.2 This method provides a means of determining gloss ofprints produced in the laboratory, or to monitor print gloss ona production printing press.6. Apparatus6.1 Spec
11、ular glossmeter, preferably a multi-angle modelhaving 20, 60, and 85 geometry; alternatively, a single-anglemodel having 60 or other geometry as agreed upon betweenproducer and user. Table 1 lists recommended angles forvarious purposes.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D0
12、1 and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7163 - 05 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D7163-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
13、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Americ
14、an National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Reflection
15、-densitometer, for determining reflection den-sity.7. Materials7.1 Unprinted substrate (optional), identical to that used forthe printed sample.7.2 Backing material, for use during instrumental measure-ments. The backing material must be consistent for all speci-mens especially when conducting compa
16、rative testing. Byagreement between producer and user, the backing for papersubstrates may be a standard matte black or unprinted paper ina sufficient amount to eliminate any influence from the surfaceof the measuring table. For clear substrates, a standard matteblack or standard opaque white may be
17、 used as the backingmaterial.8. Test Samples8.1 This test method does not cover preparation of printedsamples. When preparing prints in the laboratory, specialattention must be paid to the amount of ink applied. Theamount of ink applied to the substrate can be monitored by theuse of a reflection den
18、sitometer.8.2 The specimen to be measured must be large enough toaccommodate the aperture of the glossmeter. Prints must bethoroughly dry and free of wrinkles, folds, fingerprints andother such defects. (WarningWhen handling test specimens,be careful not to contaminate the surface by touching withfi
19、ngers.)9. Preparation9.1 Calibrate the glossmeter and the densitometer accordingto the manufacturers instructions.NOTE 1The calibration standard for gloss is a highly polished blackglass with a refractive index of 1.567 and an assigned specular gloss valueof 100 for each geometry. Keep the standard
20、clean and away from any dirtor abrasive material that might mar its surface. See also Test MethodD523.9.2 If the glossmeter geometry has not been specified,determine the appropriate angle for the material being tested.As noted in Table 1, first measure the gloss with the 60geometry; retain this geom
21、etry if the gloss reading is between10 and 70 units. If higher than 70 units, use the 20 geometry.If lower than 10 units, use the 85 geometry.9.3 If the substrate is paper, determine its machine directionusing Test Method D528 and the side (felt or wire) by TestMethod D5039. For ease of identificati
22、on, the direction can bemarked with an arrow and the side labeled felt or wire.Alternatively, the sides can be labeled top and bottom.NOTE 2The importance of side and direction, especially in the case ofuncoated stock, is that they influence the pattern of surface irregularitiesand, in turn, measure
23、d gloss values.9.4 If the prints are from routine laboratory printing or froma production press, measure the reflection density and select atleast three prints that are within 60.05 units.9.5 If the prints are for research purposes, ink film thicknesscan be determined by weighing the printing disk b
24、efore andafter printing.9.6 Optionally, the gloss of the unprinted substrate ismeasured before printing in the laboratory; if it is a commercialprint, the non-image area can be utilized.NOTE 3The non-image area of specimens from a commercial presscan be affected by the printing process due to moistu
25、re (from fountainsolution), drying processes, residual ink, etc., which can alter the originalpaper gloss.10. Procedure10.1 Position the specimen atop the designated backingmaterial (7.2) on a flat uniform surface.10.2 Place the glossmeter on the specimen in a consistentdirection. Take readings at t
26、hree to five different positions onthe print. Record readings in gloss units between 0 and 100 andcompute the mean value.10.3 If available, repeat 10.1 and 10.2 on two additionalspecimens such that the same locations on each specimen aremeasured. Compute the overall mean value.10.4 (Optional) Measur
27、e the gloss of the unprinted substratein the same fashion as 10.1-10.3.10.5 (Optional) Compute the delta gloss, which is the glossof the print minus the gloss of the unprinted substrate.11. Report11.1 The report should contain all the pertinent data listedbelow:11.1.1 Overall mean value for specular
28、 gloss value.11.1.2 Description of the printed sample (production orlaboratory), the color, print area (solid or halftone) and the typeof substrate.11.1.3 Reflection density or ink film thickness, or both.11.1.4 Angle of measurement.11.1.5 Paper direction (machine or cross machine) or side(wire or t
29、op), or both, used for measurement, if known.11.1.6 Backing material type and quantity.TABLE 1 Recommended Specular Glossmeter AnglesGlossmeterAngleAin degreesTest Method Purpose60 (30) D523 For inter comparing most specimensor for determining when 20 or 85geometry is more appropriate.Recommended fo
30、r printed matter ingeneral.20 (70) D523 For higher gloss coatings and whencomparing specimens that have 60values higher than 70.85 (05) D523 Used for comparing specimens forsheen or near-grazing shininess. Itis most frequently used whenspecimens have 60 gloss valueslower than 10.75 (15) D1223ISO 126
31、47Used by the paper industry for papergloss; found to provide the bestdiscrimination among unprinted bondpapers. Recommended by ISO forpaper and print45 (45) CeramicsAThe first number refers to the nominal angle of lighting and viewing asmeasured from a line perpendicular to the specimen surface. Th
32、e number inparenthesis refers to the angles measured from the plane of the surface.D7163 11211.1.7 Delta gloss (optional).12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of this testmethod was conducted in which one operator in each of thefive laboratories made 60 degree specular gloss
33、measurementsin quadruplicate on four prints ranging in gloss from 13 to 94units. The within laboratory pooled standard deviation was 0.6gloss units and the between laboratory pooled standard was 2.8gloss units. Based on these standard deviations, the followingcriteria should be used for judging the
34、acceptability of theresults at the 95 % confidence level:12.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results, each the mean of fourmeasurements by one operator should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 1.7 gloss units.12.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean of fourresults obtained by operators in
35、 different laboratories should beconsidered suspect if they differ by more than 7.8 gloss units.12.2 BiasSpecular gloss is based on the change in refrac-tive index as light passes from the air onto the surface of asmooth, dielectric material, such as a high-gloss ink as de-scribed by Fresnels law. S
36、tandards of specular gloss have beenshown to have a combined standard uncertainty of 61 glossunit. While there were no accepted reference values for thematerials used in inter-comparison reported in this section, itcan be assumed that an upper limit on the bias will beequivalent to the reported comb
37、ined uncertainty of 61 glossunit.13. Keywords13.1 paper; print gloss; printing ink; reflection density;specular gloss; substrateSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D7163 - 05 (2010) that may impact the use of this stan
38、dard. (Approved June 1, 2011.)(1) Added Referenced Documents Test Method D7305 andISO 12647 to Section 2 and ISO 12647 to Table 1.(2) Changed all references to “optical print density” to “refec-tion density” in 4.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.4, 11.1.3 and 13.1.(3) Added more detail to the requirements for backing
39、 materialin 7.2.(4) Clarified the use of a reflection densitometer to monitor inkapplication in 8.1.(5) Changed the description of “print transfer roll” to “printingdisk” in 9.5.(6) Added backing material to the Report requirements. in11.1.16.(7) Added a Summary of Changes.ASTM International takes n
40、o position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own respon
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42、to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the ad
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