1、Designation: D 7170 06aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of DieselFuel OilsFixed Range Injection Period, Constant VolumeCombustion Chamber Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7170; the number immediately followi
2、ng the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method c
3、overs the quantitative determinationof the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oils,diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives,and is applicable to products typical of Specification D 975,Grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils,European stand
4、ard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 and CAN/CGSB 3.6-2000. The test methodmay also be applied to the quantitative determination of theignition characteristics of blends of fuel oils containing biodie-sel material, and diesel fuel oil blending components.1.2 This test method measur
5、es the ignition delay and utilizesa constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injec-tion into heated, compressed air. An equation converts anignition delay determination to a derived cetane number(DCN).1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from2.90 to 4.35 ms (60.0 to 40.0 D
6、CN). The combustion analyzercan measure shorter and longer ignition delays but precisionmay be affected.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
7、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Dies
8、el Fuel OilD 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum P
9、roductsD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality AssuranceTechniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement SystemPerformanceD 6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improve-ment of Expected Agreemen
10、t Between Two Test Methodsthat Purport to Measure the Same Property of a MaterialE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 EN Standard:3EN 590 Automotive FuelsDieselRequirements andTest Methods2.3 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 41 Ignition Quality of Diesel FuelsCetane Engine TestMethod
11、2.4 Canadian Standards:5CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 Regular Sulphur Diesel FuelSpecificationCAN/CGSB 3.6-2000 Automotive Low-Sulphur DieselFuelSpecification2.5 DIN Standard:6DIN 73372 Einspritzdsen Grsse T und U3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value thatserves as an agr
12、eed-upon reference for comparison and that is1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Origin
13、allyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 717006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
14、STM website.3Available from European Committee for standardization. Central Secretariat:rue de Stassart, 36, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.5Available from the Canadian General Standards Board, Ottawa, Canada, K1A1G6.6Available fr
15、om DIN, Deutsches Institut fr Normung, Burggrafenstrasse 6,10787 Berlin.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based onscientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on
16、 experi-mental work of some national or international organization,such as the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technol-ogy (NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. E 4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context
17、of this method, acceptedreference value is understood to apply to the ignition delay ofspecific reference materials determined under reproducibilityconditions by collaborative experimental work.3.1.2 cetane number, na measure of the ignition perfor-mance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it
18、 to referencefuels in a standardized engine test. D 41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this method, cetanenumber is that defined by ASTM D 613/IP 41.3.1.3 check standard, nin QC testing, a material havingan accepted reference value used to determine the accuracy ofa measurement system. D 62993.
19、1.3.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,check standard refers to heptane.3.1.4 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical prope
20、rties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system. The material is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D 62993.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration
21、 reference material, na pure chemicalhaving an assigned ignition delay accepted reference value.3.2.2 charge air, ncompressed air at a specified pressureintroduced into the combustion chamber at the beginning ofeach test cycle.3.2.3 charge air temperature, ntemperature, in C, of theair inside the co
22、mbustion chamber.3.2.4 combustion analyzer, nan integrated compressionignition apparatus to measure the ignition characteristics ofdiesel fuel oil.3.2.5 derived cetane number (DCN), na number calcu-lated using a conversion equation that relates a combustionanalyzer ignition delay result to cetane nu
23、mber.3.2.6 ignition delay (ID), nthat period of time, in milli-seconds (ms), between the start of fuel injection and the start ofcombustion as determined using the specific combustion ana-lyzer applicable for this test method.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, startof fuel injecti
24、on is interpreted as the initial movement or lift ofthe injector nozzle needle as measured by a motion sensor; startof combustion is interpreted as that point in the combustioncycle when a significant (+0.02 MPa above chamber staticpressure) and sustained increase in rate-of-change in pressure,as me
25、asured by a pressure sensor in the combustion chamber,ensures combustion is in progress.3.2.7 injection period (IP), nthe period of time, in milli-seconds (ms), that the fuel injector nozzle is open as deter-mined using the specific combustion analyzer applicable forthis test method.3.2.8 operating
26、period, nthe time, not to exceed 12 h,between successive calibration or QC testing, or both, of thecombustion analyzer by a single operator.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.2 CNcetane number3.3.3 DCNderived cetane number3.3.4 IDignition delay3.3.5 QCquality control4. Summary of Test
27、 Method4.1 A small specimen of diesel fuel oil is injected into aheated, temperature-controlled constant volume chamber,which has previously been charged with compressed air. Eachinjection produces a single-shot, compression ignition combus-tion cycle. ID is measured using sensors that detect the st
28、art offuel injection and the start of significant combustion for eachcycle. A complete sequence comprises 2 preliminary cyclesand 25 further cycles. The ID measurements for the last 25cycles are averaged to produce the ID result. An equationconverts the ID result to a DCN.5. Significance and Use5.1
29、The ID and DCN values determined by this test methodcan provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of dieselfuel oil in compression ignition engines.5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petro-leum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specifica-tion aid to relate or match
30、 fuels and engines.5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinationsto the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-loaddiesel engines is not completely understood.5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It isrecognized that the performance of non-conventional fue
31、ls infull-scale engines is not completely understood. The user istherefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignitioncharacteristic measurements for predicting performance infull-scale engines for these types of fuels.5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requiresa sample o
32、f approximately 220 mL and a test time ofapproximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument.6. Interferences6.1 WarningMinimize exposure of sample fuels, calibra-tion reference materials, QC samples, and check standard tosunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize in-duced chemical reactions
33、 that can affect ignition delay mea-surements.77Supporting data, “Sunlight and Air Exposure Effects on Octane Number orCetane Number of Petroleum Product Samples,” have been filed at ASTMInternational Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1502.D 7170 06a2Digital Signa
34、ls Analog SignalsV1: Actuator Air Valve T1: Chamber Charge Air TemperatureV2: Sample Fuel Reservoir Valve T2: Chamber Inner Wall TemperatureV3: Sample Waste Flush Valve T3: Fuel Injection Pump TemperatureV4: Charge Air Valve T4: Injection Nozzle Cooling Jacket TemperatureV5: Exhaust Valve T5: Circul
35、ation Coolant System Temperature (External)AE1: Control Power to Chamber Heating P0: Chamber Static Pressure SensorN1: Injection Nozzle Motion Sensor P1: Chamber Dynamic Pressure SensorP2: Injection Actuator Air Pressure Switch GaugeAT5 is not located on the instrument. It is the temperature of the
36、auxiliary Circulation Coolant System adjusted to maintain T4.FIG. 1 Combustion Analyzer SchematicD 7170 06a36.1.1 Exposure of these fuels and materials to UV wave-lengths shorter than 550 nm for a short period of time cansignificantly affect ignition delay measurements.NOTE 1The formation of peroxid
37、e and radicals can affect ignitiondelay measurement. These formations are minimized when the sample ormaterial is stored in the dark in a cold room at a temperature of less than10C and covered by a blanket of nitrogen.7. Apparatus7.1 GeneralThis test method uses an integrated auto-mated analytical m
38、easurement system8(see Fig. 1) comprisedof:7.1.1 Combustion ChamberA cylindrical block having avolume of 0.60 6 0.03 L, with external heating elements, heatshield, and electrically actuated intake and exhaust valves.There is an opening at one end of the chamber to accommodateinsertion of the fuel in
39、jection nozzle assembly and an openingat the other end of the chamber to accommodate insertion ofintake, exhaust, and various sensors.7.1.2 Fuel Injection SystemA pneumatically actuated fuelinjection system with fuel injection pump, injector nozzleassembly and associated sample reservoir to assure f
40、or properand repeatable injection of calibration, QC material, and testspecimens into the combustion chamber. The system includes:7.1.2.1 Fuel Sample ReservoirA metal reservoir having anominal volume of 100 mL.7.1.2.2 Fuel Injector NozzleA standard one-hole nozzleconforming to the requirements of DI
41、N 73372. The nozzle isassembled to the body that incorporates a spring-loaded needleextension with screw and lock nut for adjusting the nozzleopening pressure setting; a fuel bleed passage connecting to anexternal bleed valve for bleeding fuel from the nozzle andnozzle body; and a positions motion s
42、ensor mounted in anadjustable housing near the injector nozzle needle extensionpin, to determine when the nozzle needle lifts to initiate thestart of injection.7.1.3 Coolant SystemA closed-loop circulating coolantsystem to control the temperature of the combustion injectornozzle. The system includes
43、 an auxiliary heat exchanger withbuilt-in circulating pump and flow control valves.7.1.4 Instrument SensorsSensors used to measure andeither indicate the value of a variable or transmit the conditionfor control or data acquisition purposes such as:7.1.4.1 Combustion Chamber Static Pressure Sensor(P0
44、)A sensor installed to measure the static pressure withinthe combustion chamber before and after each combustioncycle.7.1.4.2 Combustion Chamber Dynamic Pressure Sensor(P1)A sensor installed to measure the pressure within thecombustion chamber during each combustion cycle. The pres-sure sensor is fi
45、tted with an integrated temperature sensor torecord the operating temperature (T3) at the sensor.7.1.4.3 Injection Actuator Air Pressure Regulator (P2)Acalibrated pressure regulator installed between the pneumaticair supply and the fuel injection pump actuator.7.1.4.4 Combustion Chamber Inner Wall T
46、emperature Sen-sor (T2)A type K thermocouple with stainless steel sheath,inserted in a well fastened to the inner surface of the chamber.7.1.4.5 Chamber Charge Air Temperature Sensor (T1)Atype K thermocouple with stainless steel sheath, inserted in thecombustion chamber.7.1.4.6 Fuel Injection Pump T
47、emperature Sensor (T4)APT100 temperature sensor with stainless steel sheath, insertedinto the fuel injection pump body.7.1.4.7 Injector Nozzle Cooling Jacket Temperature Sensor(T5)A PT100 temperature sensor with stainless steel sheath,inserted in the injector nozzle coolant passage.7.1.4.8 Injector
48、Nozzle Motion Sensor (N1)A motionsensor, that can be adjusted to provide a suitable gap betweenits sensing surface and the end of injector nozzle needleextension pin to detect the start of fuel injection.7.1.5 Computerized Control, Data Acquisition, Data Analy-sis and Reporting SystemA microprocesso
49、r controlled sys-tem connected to a computer with keyboard for manual entryof operating instructions, a monitor for visual observation of alltesting functions, and a printer for printed copy output of testresults. The computer-based system provides automated con-trol of the relevant combustion analyzer and sub-systemcomponent functions and to collect and process all relevantsignals from the injector nozzle needle motion sensor, andtemperature and pressure sensors.7.2 Refer to the instruction manual of the manufacturer9fordetailed inf
