1、Designation: D 7176 06Standard Specification forNon-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) GeomembranesUsed in Buried Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flex-ible sheeting which is used for construction
3、 of concealedcontainment-membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes, ca-nals, reservoirs, landfill liners, covers and closures or similarinstallations where the membrane is inaccessible once theconstruction is complete. Included are requirements for mate-rials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship cr
4、iteria andmethods of marking. This Specification covers un-reinforcedflexible sheet made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin as theprimary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. Thisspecification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mmthickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.)typically used forgeome
5、mbrane linings.1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product inaccordance with the requirements in Section 5.1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performanceand are not intended for design purposes. Tests have beenselected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulatethe envi
6、ronment to which the membrane will be subjectedduring actual use. The test and property limits used tocharacterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimumquality for the intended purpose. In place design criteria suchas material compatibility, chemical resistance, among others,are factors th
7、at shall be considered but are beyond the scope ofthis specification.1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values stated in parentheses (English) are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
8、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD 792 Test Methods for Den
9、sity and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD 1203 Test Methods for Volatile Loss From Plastics UsingActivated Carbon MethodsD
10、1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes ofNonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at ElevatedTemperatureD 1239 Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Films toExtraction by ChemicalsD 1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of VinylChloride PolymersD 1790 Test Method for Brittleness Tem
11、perature of PlasticSheeting by ImpactD 2124 Test Method for Analysis of Components in Poly-(Vinyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectro-photometric TechniqueD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relat-ing to Recycling and Use of Recycled PlasticsD
12、 5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD 5747 Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resis-tance of Geomembranes to Liquids1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on
13、 Geomem-branes.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
14、TM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.G 160 Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility ofNonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-
15、nology D 4439 unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fabricator, na company that converts geomembranerolls into panels.3.2.2 homogeneous sheeting, nsheeting that is of uniformcomposition throughout its thickness.3.2.3 manufacture, na company that processe
16、s raw mate-rials into geomembrane rolls.3.2.4 panel, na series of geomembrane sheets fabricatedtogether to make a larger unit, as supplied by a fabricatorusually folded onto a pallet or folded then rolled on a core.3.2.5 roll, na quantity of geomembrane rolled up to forma single package as supplied
17、from the manufacturer.3.2.6 roll width, nthe width of a roll as supplied from themanufacture, (typically 1.5 to 2.5 m) (60 to 96 in.).3.2.7 sheet, na part of the manufactured geomembranematerial cut from the roll.4. Classification4.1 The sheeting will be subdivided by grades based onthickness:4.1.1
18、PVC100.254 mm (0.010 in.).4.1.2 PVC200.508 mm (0.020 in.).4.1.3 PVC300.762 mm (0.030 in.).4.1.4 PVC401.016 mm (0.040 in.).4.1.5 PVC501.270 mm (0.050 in.).4.1.6 PVC601.524 mm (0.060 in.).5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) con-tainment membrane formulate
19、d from PVC materials meetingthe following requirements:5.2 The geomembrane sheet shall consist of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resin in amounts greater than 50 % of the totalweight suitably compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers,additives, and pigments, to satisfy the physical propertyrequirements.5.3
20、 A PVC resin with an inherent viscosity (logarithmicviscosity number) of not less than 0.92 as determined by TestMethod D 1243.5.4 Reworked materials, as defined in Guide D 5033, maybe used in this product if all the requirements in Sections 3, 5,and 6 are met by the reworked material. A maximum of
21、up to10 % reworked material shall be permitted.6. Physical Properties and Requirements6.1 The sheeting shall conform to the physical requirementsprescribed in Tables 1 and 2.6.2 Sheeting shall be compounded so that bonds betweensheets used in fabrication of large geomembrane panels can beaccomplishe
22、d in the factory or field without reducing theoverall resistance of the membrane to permeation or leakage orsignificantly reducing the sheetings physical strength. Themanufacturer shall specify recommended bonding proceduresin its product literature.6.3 The sheeting shall be colored as agreed upon b
23、etweenthe purchaser and the seller as part of the purchase contract.6.4 The sheeting shall be monolithic and homogeneous.6.5 Metric values are converted from U.S. values and arerounded to the available significant digits.6.6 Manufacturing Certified PropertiesCertified proper-ties are tested based on
24、 a quantity of material produced.Certified properties are tested once per lot, or once every18 000 kg of material (40 000 lb), whichever is more frequent.The certification properties include thickness, tensile breakstrength, elongation at break, modulus at 100 % strain, tearresistance, dimensional s
25、tability, and low temperature impact.Thickness is to be tested once per roll unless automaticthickness measuring equipment is installed on the productionTABLE 1 Certified PropertiesCertified Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60Thickness 6 D 5199 0.254 6 0.013 mm 0.508 6 0.030 mm
26、 0.762 6 0.040 mm 1.016 6 0.050 mm 1.270 6 0.060 mm 1.524 6 0.080 mm(0.010 6 0.0005 in.) (0.020 6 0.0010 in.) (0.030 6 0.0015 in.) (0.040 6 0.0020 in.) (0.050 6 0.0025 in.) (0.060 6 0.0030 in.)Tensile Properties D 882Strength at Break Min 4.2 kN/m 8.4 kN/m 12.8 kN/m 17.0 kN/m 20.3 kN/m 24.0 kN/m(24
27、lb/in.) (48 lb/in.) (73 lb/in.) (97 lb/in.) (116 lb/in.) (137 lb/in.)Elongation Min 250 % 360 % 380 % 430 % 430 % 450 %Modulus at 100 % Min 1.8 kN/m 3.6 kN/m 5.4 kN/m 7.2 kN/m 9.0 kN/m 10.8 kN/m(10 lb/in.) (20 lb/in.) (30 lb/in.) (40 lb/in.) (50 lb/in.) (60 lb/in.)Tear Strength D 1004Min11 N(2.5 lb)
28、27 N(6 lb)35 N(8 lb)44 N(10 lb)58 N(13 lb)67 N(15 lb)Dimensional Stability D 1204MaxChange4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3%Low TemperatureImpactD 1790Pass-23C(-10F)-26C(-15F)-29C(-20F)-29C(-20F)-29C(-20F)-29C(-20F)D7176062equipment. Certified test reports (Material Certification) for thecertified properties are to
29、be provided by the manufacturer withevery order.6.7 Manufactures Index PropertiesIndex tests are per-formed when preparing and approving a geomembrane formu-lation. The tests are performed on the final production formu-lation of a geomembrane. The index properties include specificgravity, water extr
30、action, volatile loss, hydrostatic resistance,and soil burial resistance. A certified statement of the testresults for the formulation is to be provided with each order bythe manufacturer.6.8 Any modification of this compound shall require that thesheeting be retested for conformance to the index pr
31、operties ofthis specification. In addition, retesting shall be done every 5years whether the compound has been modified or not to assesscumulative effects of switching suppliers, grades of rawmaterials, or processing changes.7. Endurance Properties7.1 Other properties may be specified and agreed upo
32、nbetween the purchaser and supplier.7.2 Chemical Resistance, ASTM D 5747Test to evaluatechemical resistance to liquids.8. Dimensions8.1 The width and length of the roll or fabricated panel shallbe as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.8.2 Sheeting width tolerance shall be +0.5 in., 0.0
33、 in.(+12.7 mm, 0.0 mm).8.3 The length of the sheeting after unrolling and relaxingfor 10 min at 21 6 2C (70 6 4F) shall be no less than thatspecified in the purchase order.9. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance9.1 The sheet and any factory seams shall be watertight. Itshall be visually free of pinhol
34、es, particles of foreign matter,un-dispersed raw material, or other manufacturing defects thatmight affect serviceability as agreed on by the supplier and enduser.9.2 Typical pigment colors are gray or black. PVC geomem-brane shall be any color as agreed on by the supplier and enduser.9.3 Surface te
35、xture shall be smooth or embossed finish asagreed on by the supplier and end user.10. Sampling10.1 All PropertiesAll samples will be removed from theactual PVC sheet used for the panel or from PVC geomem-brane trial seams from the sheet used for the panel. Samplesshall be removed randomly and not re
36、moved from the samelocation repeatedly.10.2 Tensile Properties (Strength at Break, Elongation,Modulus)Test five (5) specimens in the machine directionand five (5) specimens in cross machine direction. The samplesize is typically 12 inches in the machine direction by the widthof the roll. Specimens s
37、hall be removed in equal incrementsacross a roll width sample. The specimen size is typically 25.4by 203.2 mm (1 by 8 in.). One specimen in both the machineand cross machine directions shall be cut from the edge of theroll. A certified statement (Material Certification) of the testresults for the te
38、nsile properties is to be provided with everyorder. The testing frequencies for this test shall be a minimumof once per 40 000 lb (once per truckload or shipment).11. Conditioning and Curing11.1 Standard laboratory acclamation for samples are to beconditioned for a minimum of 40 hours at standard at
39、mospherefor testing geosynthetics, a relative humidity between 50 to70 % and a temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).12. Inspection and Special Testing12.1 The manufacturer shall inspect and test material pro-duction to ensure compliance of the product with this specifi-cation.12.2 The fabricator shall i
40、nspect and test seam fabrication toensure compliance of the product with this specification.TABLE 2 Index PropertiesIndex Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60Specific Gravity D 792Min1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Water Extraction D 1239Max Loss0.15 7% 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.20 % 0.20 % 0.20 %
41、Volatile Loss D 1203Max Loss1.5 % 0.90 % 0.70 % 0.50 % 0.50 % 0.50 %Soil Burial G 160Max ChangeBreak Strength 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 %Elongation 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %Modulus at 100 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %Hydrostatic Resistance D 751Min290 kPa(42 psi)470 kPa(68 psi)690 kPa(100 psi)830
42、kPa(120 psi)1030 kPa(150 psi)1240 kPa(180 psi)Minimum Average Molecular Weight D 2124 400 400 400 400 400 400D717606313. Test Methods13.1 ASTM D 5199, Measuring the Nominal Thickness ofGeosyntheticsU.S. units of thousandths of an inch (0.001in. = 1 mil). Metric unit of millimeters (mm).13.1.1 Thickn
43、ess is to be tested once per roll unless auto-matic thickness measuring equipment is installed on theproduction equipment.13.1.2 ThicknessTest (5 specimens or 1 specimen perwidth foot whichever is greater) obtained from locationsequidistant across the width of the sheet. Report the averagenominal th
44、ickness.13.2 ASTM D 882, Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingUse Method A.13.2.1 Test Method D 882 will be used for PVC geomem-brane sheet up to 60 mil (1.5 mm) thick. Units are in pounds offorce per inch of width (lb/in.). Metric units are in kiloNewtonsper meter of width (kN/m), or Newtons p
45、er millimeter ofwidth (N/mm) which are equivalent units.13.2.2 Stress-Strain PropertiesDetermine tensile stress at100 % elongation (modulus), tensile strength, and ultimateelongation in accordance with Method A of Test MethodD 882. Report physical properties as the average value fromtesting of 5 spe
46、cimens.13.3 ASTM D 1004, Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Filmand SheetingUnits are in pounds of force to initiate tear inthe specially die-cut specimen (lb) or in Newtons of force (N).This test shall be tested in both machine and cross machinedirections.13.4 ASTM D 751, Test Methods for Coated Fa
47、bricsDetermine the ability of the PVC geomembrane material towithstand water pressure without leaking in accordance withTest Methods D 751 Hydrostatic Burst using Section 33,Procedure A, “Pressure Application by Mullen Type Hydro-static Tester.” Measure pressure in kilopascals (kPa) or poundsper squ
48、are inch (psi).13.5 ASTM D 1203, Volatile Loss from Plastics UsingActivated Carbon MethodsDetermine volatile loss in accor-dance with Test Method D 1203, Method A.13.6 ASTM D 1204, Linear Dimensional Changes of Ther-moplastic Film at Elevated TemperatureTest specimens at100C for 15 minutes. Measure
49、percent change in two linealdimensions (length and width).13.7 ASTM D 1239, Resistance of Plastic Films to Extrac-tion by ChemicalsTest specimens in 50C (122F) water fortwenty-four hours. Measure percent change in weight.13.8 ASTM D 1790, Brittleness Temperature of PlasticSheeting by Impact50 % of specimens must pass at specifiedtemperature.13.9 ASTM G 160, Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility ofNonmetallic Materials by Soil BurialBury sample in pre-pared soil for 30 days. Perform test on actual liner sheetsamples. Measure maximum
