1、Designation: D7176 06 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Specification forNon-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) GeomembranesUsed in Buried Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flex-ible sheeting which is used f
3、or construction of concealedcontainment-membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes, ca-nals, reservoirs, landfill liners, covers and closures or similarinstallations where the membrane is inaccessible once theconstruction is complete. Included are requirements for mate-rials and sheeting, test methods,
4、 workmanship criteria andmethods of marking. This Specification covers un-reinforcedflexible sheet made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin as theprimary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. Thisspecification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mmthickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.)typicall
5、y used forgeomembrane linings.1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product inaccordance with the requirements in Section 5.1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performanceand are not intended for design purposes. Tests have beenselected to be conducted primarily with liquids that s
6、imulatethe environment to which the membrane will be subjectedduring actual use. The test and property limits used tocharacterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimumquality for the intended purpose. In place design criteria suchas material compatibility, chemical resistance, among others
7、,are factors that shall be considered but are beyond the scope ofthis specification.1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values stated in parentheses (English) are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
8、any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD792 Test Me
9、thods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD1203 Test Methods for Volatile Loss From Plastics UsingActivated Carbon
10、 MethodsD1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes ofNonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at ElevatedTemperatureD1239 Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Films toExtraction by ChemicalsD1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of VinylChloride PolymersD1790 Test Method for Brittlene
11、ss Temperature of PlasticSheeting by ImpactD2124 Test Method for Analysis of Components in Poly-(Vinyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectro-photometric TechniqueD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relat-ing to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plasti
12、cs3D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD5747 Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resis-tance of Geomembranes to Liquids1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10
13、on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally pub-lished 2006. Last previous edition approved 2006 as D717606. DOI: 10.1520/D7176-06R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
14、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
15、 19428-2959, United States.G160 Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility ofNonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology D4439 unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fab
16、ricator, na company that converts geomembranerolls into panels.3.2.2 homogeneous sheeting, nsheeting that is of uniformcomposition throughout its thickness.3.2.3 manufacture, na company that processes raw mate-rials into geomembrane rolls.3.2.4 panel, na series of geomembrane sheets fabricatedtogeth
17、er to make a larger unit, as supplied by a fabricatorusually folded onto a pallet or folded then rolled on a core.3.2.5 roll, na quantity of geomembrane rolled up to forma single package as supplied from the manufacturer.3.2.6 roll width, nthe width of a roll as supplied from themanufacture, (typica
18、lly 1.5 to 2.5 m) (60 to 96 in.).3.2.7 sheet, na part of the manufactured geomembranematerial cut from the roll.4. Classification4.1 The sheeting will be subdivided by grades based onthickness:4.1.1 PVC100.254 mm (0.010 in.).4.1.2 PVC200.508 mm (0.020 in.).4.1.3 PVC300.762 mm (0.030 in.).4.1.4 PVC40
19、1.016 mm (0.040 in.).4.1.5 PVC501.270 mm (0.050 in.).4.1.6 PVC601.524 mm (0.060 in.).5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) con-tainment membrane formulated from PVC materials meetingthe following requirements:5.2 The geomembrane sheet shall consist of pol
20、yvinylchloride (PVC) resin in amounts greater than 50 % of the totalweight suitably compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers,additives, and pigments, to satisfy the physical propertyrequirements.5.3 A PVC resin with an inherent viscosity (logarithmicviscosity number) of not less than 0.92 as determ
21、ined by TestMethod D1243.5.4 Reworked materials, as defined in Guide D5033D5033, may be used in this product if all the require-ments in Sections 3, 5, and 6 are met by the reworked material.A maximum of up to 10 % reworked material shall bepermitted.6. Physical Properties and Requirements6.1 The sh
22、eeting shall conform to the physical requirementsprescribed in Tables 1 and 2.6.2 Sheeting shall be compounded so that bonds betweensheets used in fabrication of large geomembrane panels can beaccomplished in the factory or field without reducing theoverall resistance of the membrane to permeation o
23、r leakage orsignificantly reducing the sheetings physical strength. Themanufacturer shall specify recommended bonding proceduresin its product literature.6.3 The sheeting shall be colored as agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the seller as part of the purchase contract.6.4 The sheeting shall be mo
24、nolithic and homogeneous.6.5 Metric values are converted from U.S. values and arerounded to the available significant digits.6.6 Manufacturing Certified PropertiesCertified proper-ties are tested based on a quantity of material produced.Certified properties are tested once per lot, or once every18 0
25、00 kg of material (40 000 lb), whichever is more frequent.The certification properties include thickness, tensile breakstrength, elongation at break, modulus at 100 % strain, tearresistance, dimensional stability, and low temperature impact.Thickness is to be tested once per roll unless automaticthi
26、ckness measuring equipment is installed on the productionTABLE 1 Certified PropertiesCertified Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60Thickness 6 D5199 0.254 6 0.013 mm 0.508 6 0.030 mm 0.762 6 0.040 mm 1.016 6 0.050 mm 1.270 6 0.060 mm 1.524 6 0.080 mm(0.010 6 0.0005 in.) (0.020 6
27、 0.0010 in.) (0.030 6 0.0015 in.) (0.040 6 0.0020 in.) (0.050 6 0.0025 in.) (0.060 6 0.0030 in.)Tensile Properties D882Strength at Break Min 4.2 kN/m 8.4 kN/m 12.8 kN/m 17.0 kN/m 20.3 kN/m 24.0 kN/m(24 lb/in.) (48 lb/in.) (73 lb/in.) (97 lb/in.) (116 lb/in.) (137 lb/in.)Elongation Min 250 % 360 % 38
28、0 % 430 % 430 % 450 %Modulus at 100 % Min 1.8 kN/m 3.6 kN/m 5.4 kN/m 7.2 kN/m 9.0 kN/m 10.8 kN/m(10 lb/in.) (20 lb/in.) (30 lb/in.) (40 lb/in.) (50 lb/in.) (60 lb/in.)Tear Strength D1004Min11 N(2.5 lb)27 N(6 lb)35 N(8 lb)44 N(10 lb)58 N(13 lb)67 N(15 lb)Dimensional Stability D1204MaxChange4% 4% 3% 3
29、% 3% 3%Low TemperatureImpactD1790Pass-23C(-10F)-26C(-15F)-29C(-20F)-29C(-20F)-29C(-20F)-29C(-20F)D7176 06 (2011)2equipment. Certified test reports (Material Certification) for thecertified properties are to be provided by the manufacturer withevery order.6.7 Manufactures Index PropertiesIndex tests
30、are per-formed when preparing and approving a geomembrane formu-lation. The tests are performed on the final production formu-lation of a geomembrane. The index properties include specificgravity, water extraction, volatile loss, hydrostatic resistance,and soil burial resistance. A certified stateme
31、nt of the testresults for the formulation is to be provided with each order bythe manufacturer.6.8 Any modification of this compound shall require that thesheeting be retested for conformance to the index properties ofthis specification. In addition, retesting shall be done every 5years whether the
32、compound has been modified or not to assesscumulative effects of switching suppliers, grades of rawmaterials, or processing changes.7. Endurance Properties7.1 Other properties may be specified and agreed uponbetween the purchaser and supplier.7.2 Chemical Resistance, ASTM D5747Test to evaluatechemic
33、al resistance to liquids.8. Dimensions8.1 The width and length of the roll or fabricated panel shallbe as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.8.2 Sheeting width tolerance shall be +0.5 in., 0.0 in.(+12.7 mm, 0.0 mm).8.3 The length of the sheeting after unrolling and relaxingfor 10 min a
34、t 21 6 2C (70 6 4F) shall be no less than thatspecified in the purchase order.9. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance9.1 The sheet and any factory seams shall be watertight. Itshall be visually free of pinholes, particles of foreign matter,un-dispersed raw material, or other manufacturing defects that
35、might affect serviceability as agreed on by the supplier and enduser.9.2 Typical pigment colors are gray or black. PVC geomem-brane shall be any color as agreed on by the supplier and enduser.9.3 Surface texture shall be smooth or embossed finish asagreed on by the supplier and end user.10. Sampling
36、10.1 All PropertiesAll samples will be removed from theactual PVC sheet used for the panel or from PVC geomem-brane trial seams from the sheet used for the panel. Samplesshall be removed randomly and not removed from the samelocation repeatedly.10.2 Tensile Properties (Strength at Break, Elongation,
37、Modulus)Test five (5) specimens in the machine directionand five (5) specimens in cross machine direction. The samplesize is typically 12 inches in the machine direction by the widthof the roll. Specimens shall be removed in equal incrementsacross a roll width sample. The specimen size is typically
38、25.4by 203.2 mm (1 by 8 in.). One specimen in both the machineand cross machine directions shall be cut from the edge of theroll. A certified statement (Material Certification) of the testresults for the tensile properties is to be provided with everyorder. The testing frequencies for this test shal
39、l be a minimumof once per 40 000 lb (once per truckload or shipment).11. Conditioning and Curing11.1 Standard laboratory acclamation for samples are to beconditioned for a minimum of 40 hours at standard atmospherefor testing geosynthetics, a relative humidity between 50 to70 % and a temperature of
40、21 6 2C (70 6 4F).12. Inspection and Special Testing12.1 The manufacturer shall inspect and test material pro-duction to ensure compliance of the product with this specifi-cation.12.2 The fabricator shall inspect and test seam fabrication toensure compliance of the product with this specification.TA
41、BLE 2 Index PropertiesIndex Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60Specific Gravity D792Min1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Water Extraction D1239Max Loss0.15 7% 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.20 % 0.20 % 0.20 %Volatile Loss D1203Max Loss1.5 % 0.90 % 0.70 % 0.50 % 0.50 % 0.50 %Soil Burial G160Max ChangeBre
42、ak Strength 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 %Elongation 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %Modulus at 100 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %Hydrostatic Resistance D751Min290 kPa(42 psi)470 kPa(68 psi)690 kPa(100 psi)830 kPa(120 psi)1030 kPa(150 psi)1240 kPa(180 psi)Minimum Average Molecular Weight D2124 400 400 400 40
43、0 400 400D7176 06 (2011)313. Test Methods13.1 ASTM D5199, Measuring the Nominal Thickness ofGeosyntheticsU.S. units of thousandths of an inch (0.001in. = 1 mil). Metric unit of millimeters (mm).13.1.1 Thickness is to be tested once per roll unless auto-matic thickness measuring equipment is installe
44、d on theproduction equipment.13.1.2 ThicknessTest (5 specimens or 1 specimen perwidth foot whichever is greater) obtained from locationsequidistant across the width of the sheet. Report the averagenominal thickness.13.2 ASTM D882, Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingUse Method A.13.2.1 Test Me
45、thod D882 will be used for PVC geomem-brane sheet up to 60 mil (1.5 mm) thick. Units are in pounds offorce per inch of width (lb/in.). Metric units are in kiloNewtonsper meter of width (kN/m), or Newtons per millimeter ofwidth (N/mm) which are equivalent units.13.2.2 Stress-Strain PropertiesDetermin
46、e tensile stress at100 % elongation (modulus), tensile strength, and ultimateelongation in accordance with MethodAof Test Method D882.Report physical properties as the average value from testing of5 specimens.13.3 ASTM D1004, Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Filmand SheetingUnits are in pounds of
47、force to initiate tear inthe specially die-cut specimen (lb) or in Newtons of force (N).This test shall be tested in both machine and cross machinedirections.13.4 ASTM D751, Test Methods for Coated FabricsDetermine the ability of the PVC geomembrane material towithstand water pressure without leakin
48、g in accordance withTest Methods D751 Hydrostatic Burst using Section 33,Procedure A, “Pressure Application by Mullen Type Hydro-static Tester.” Measure pressure in kilopascals (kPa) or poundsper square inch (psi).13.5 ASTM D1203, Volatile Loss from Plastics Using Acti-vated Carbon MethodsDetermine
49、volatile loss in accordancewith Test Method D1203, Method A.13.6 ASTM D1204, Linear Dimensional Changes of Ther-moplastic Film at Elevated TemperatureTest specimens at100C for 15 minutes. Measure percent change in two linealdimensions (length and width).13.7 ASTM D1239, Resistance of Plastic Films to Extrac-tion by ChemicalsTest specimens in 50C (122F) water fortwenty-four hours. Measure percent change in weight.13.8 ASTM D1790, Brittleness Temperature of PlasticSheeting by Impact50 % of specimens must pass at specifiedtemperat
