1、Designation: D7176 06 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Specification forNon-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) GeomembranesUsed in Buried Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flex-ible sheeting which is used f
3、or construction of concealedcontainment membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes,canals, reservoirs, landfill liners, covers and closures, or similarinstallations where the membrane is inaccessible once theconstruction is complete. Included are requirements for mate-rials and sheeting, test methods,
4、workmanship criteria, andmethods of marking. This specification covers unreinforcedflexible sheet made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin as theprimary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. Thisspecification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mmthickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.), typical
5、ly used forgeomembrane linings.1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product inaccordance with the requirements in Section 5.1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality andperformance, and are not intended for design purposes. Testshave been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that
6、simulate the environment to which the membrane will besubjected during actual use. The test and property limits usedto characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure mini-mum quality for the intended purpose. In-place design criteriasuch as material compatibility, chemical resistance, amongoth
7、ers, are factors that shall be considered but are beyond thescope of this specification.1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values stated in parentheses (English) are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
8、 if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with inter
9、nationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D751
10、Test Methods for Coated FabricsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD1203 Test Methods for Volati
11、le Loss From Plastics UsingActivated Carbon MethodsD1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes ofNonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at ElevatedTemperatureD1239 Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Films toExtraction by ChemicalsD1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of VinylChlor
12、ide PolymersD1790 Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of PlasticSheeting by ImpactD2124 Test Method forAnalysis of Components in Poly(Vi-nyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectropho-tometric TechniqueD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5033 Guide for Development ofASTM Standards Relating
13、to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics (Withdrawn2007)3D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof Geosynthetics1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition
14、approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally published2006. Last previous edition approved 2011 as D7176 06 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/D7176-06R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
15、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis internat
16、ional standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Commit
17、tee.1D5747/D5747M Practice for Tests to Evaluate the ChemicalResistance of Geomembranes to LiquidsG160 Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility ofNonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology D4439, unless otherwis
18、e indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fabricator, na company that converts geomembranerolls into panels.3.2.2 homogeneous sheeting, nsheeting that is of uniformcomposition throughout its thickness.3.2.3 manufacturer, na company that processes raw ma-terials into geomem
19、brane rolls.3.2.4 panel, na series of geomembrane sheets fabricatedtogether to make a larger unit, as supplied by a fabricator,usually folded onto a pallet or folded then rolled onto a core.3.2.5 roll, na quantity of geomembrane rolled up to forma single package as supplied from the manufacturer.3.2
20、.6 roll width, nthe width of a roll as supplied from themanufacturer, typically 1.5 to 2.5 m (60 to 96 in.).3.2.7 sheet, na part of the manufactured geomembranematerial cut from the roll.4. Classification4.1 The sheeting will be subdivided by grades based onthickness:4.1.1 PVC100.254 mm (0.010 in.).
21、4.1.2 PVC200.508 mm (0.020 in.).4.1.3 PVC300.762 mm (0.030 in.).4.1.4 PVC401.016 mm (0.040 in.).4.1.5 PVC501.270 mm (0.050 in.).4.1.6 PVC601.524 mm (0.060 in.).5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) con-tainment membrane formulated from PVC materials meeti
22、ngthe following requirements:5.2 The geomembrane sheet shall consist of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resin in amounts greater than 50 % of the totalweight, suitably compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers,additives, and pigments to satisfy the physical property re-quirements.5.3 A PVC resin with an inh
23、erent viscosity (logarithmicviscosity number) of not less than 0.92, as determined by TestMethod D1243.5.4 Reworked materials, as defined in Guide D5033, may beused in this product if all the requirements in Sections 3, 5, and6 are met by the reworked material.Amaximum of up to 10 %reworked material
24、 shall be permitted.6. Physical Properties and Requirements6.1 The sheeting shall conform to the physical requirementsprescribed in Tables 1 and 2.6.2 Sheeting shall be compounded so that bonds betweensheets used in fabrication of large geomembrane panels can beaccomplished in the factory or field w
25、ithout reducing theoverall resistance of the membrane to permeation or leakage,or significantly reducing the sheetings physical strength. Themanufacturer shall specify recommended bonding proceduresin its product literature.6.3 The sheeting shall be colored as agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and th
26、e seller as part of the purchase contract.6.4 The sheeting shall be monolithic and homogeneous.6.5 Metric values are converted from U.S. values and arerounded to the available significant digits.6.6 Manufacturing Certified PropertiesCertified proper-ties are tested based on a quantity of material pr
27、oduced.TABLE 1 Certified PropertiesCertified Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60Thickness D5199 0.254 0.013 mm 0.508 0.030 mm 0.762 0.040 mm 1.016 0.050 mm 1.270 0.060 mm 1.524 0.080 mm(0.010 0.0005 in.) (0.020 0.0010 in.) (0.030 0.0015 in.) (0.040 0.0020 in.) (0.050 0.0025 in.
28、) (0.060 0.0030 in.)Tensile Properties D882Strength at Break Min 4.2 kN/m 8.4 kN/m 12.8 kN/m 17.0 kN/m 20.3 kN/m 24.0 kN/m(24 lb/in.) (48 lb/in.) (73 lb/in.) (97 lb/in.) (116 lb/in.) (137 lb/in.)Elongation Min 250 % 360 % 380 % 430 % 430 % 450 %Modulus at 100 % Min 1.8 kN/m 3.6 kN/m 5.4 kN/m 7.2 kN/
29、m 9.0 kN/m 10.8 kN/m(10 lb/in.) (20 lb/in.) (30 lb/in.) (40 lb/in.) (50 lb/in.) (60 lb/in.)Tear Strength D1004Min11 N(2.5 lb)27 N(6 lb)35 N(8 lb)44 N(10 lb)58 N(13 lb)67 N(15 lb)Dimensional Stability D1204MaxChange4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3%Low-TemperatureImpactD1790Pass23 C(10 F)26 C(15 F)29 C(20 F)29 C(20 F
30、)29 C(20 F)29 C(20 F)D7176 06 (2018)2Certified properties are tested once per lot, or once every18 000 kg of material (40 000 lb), whichever is more frequent.The certification properties include thickness, tensile breakstrength, elongation at break, modulus at 100 % strain, tearresistance, dimension
31、al stability, and low-temperature impact.Thickness is to be tested once per roll, unless automaticthickness measuring equipment is installed on the productionequipment. Certified test reports (material certification) for thecertified properties are to be provided by the manufacturer withevery order.
32、6.7 Manufacturers Index PropertiesIndex tests are per-formed when preparing and approving a geomembrane formu-lation. The tests are performed on the final production formu-lation of a geomembrane. The index properties include specificgravity, water extraction, volatile loss, hydrostatic resistance,a
33、nd soil burial resistance. A certified statement of the testresults for the formulation is to be provided with each order bythe manufacturer.6.8 Any modification of this compound shall require that thesheeting be retested for conformance to the index properties ofthis specification. In addition, ret
34、esting shall be done every fiveyears, whether the compound has been modified or not, toassess cumulative effects of switching suppliers, grades of rawmaterials, or processing changes.7. Endurance Properties7.1 Other properties may be specified and agreed uponbetween the purchaser and supplier.7.2 Ch
35、emical Resistance, Practice D5747/D5747MTest toevaluate chemical resistance to liquids.8. Dimensions8.1 The width and length of the roll or fabricated panel shallbe as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.8.2 Sheeting width tolerance shall be +0.5 in., 0.0 in.(+12.7 mm, 0.0 mm).8.3 The l
36、ength of the sheeting after unrolling and relaxingfor 10 min at 21 6 2 C (70 6 4 F) shall be no less than thatspecified in the purchase order.9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance9.1 The sheet and any factory seams shall be watertight. Itshall be visually free of pinholes, particles of foreign matt
37、er,undispersed raw material, or other manufacturing defects thatmight affect serviceability as agreed upon by the supplier andend user.9.2 Typical pigment colors are gray or black. PVC geomem-brane shall be any color as agreed upon by the supplier and enduser.9.3 Surface texture shall be smooth or e
38、mbossed finish asagreed upon by the supplier and end user.10. Sampling10.1 All PropertiesAll samples will be removed from theactual PVC sheet used for the panel or from PVC geomem-brane trial seams from the sheet used for the panel. Samplesshall be removed randomly and not removed from the samelocat
39、ion repeatedly.10.2 Tensile Properties (Strength at Break, Elongation,Modulus)Test five (5) specimens in the machine directionand five (5) specimens in the cross-machine direction. Thesample size is typically 12 inches in the machine direction bythe width of the roll. Specimens shall be removed in e
40、qualincrements across a roll-width sample. The specimen size istypically 25.4 by 203.2 mm (1 by 8 in.). One specimen in boththe machine and cross-machine directions shall be cut from theedge of the roll. A certified statement (material certification) ofthe test results for the tensile properties is
41、to be provided withevery order. The testing frequencies for this test shall be aminimum of once per 40 000 lb (once per truckload orshipment).11. Conditioning and Curing11.1 Standard laboratory acclamation for samples are to beconditioned for a minimum of 40 h at standard atmosphere fortesting geosy
42、nthetics, a relative humidity between 50 to 70 %and a temperature of 21 6 2 C (70 6 4 F).TABLE 2 Index PropertiesIndex Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60Specific Gravity D792Min1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Water Extraction D1239Max Loss0.15 7% 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.20 % 0.20 % 0.20 %Volat
43、ile Loss D1203Max Loss1.5 % 0.90 % 0.70 % 0.50 % 0.50 % 0.50 %Soil Burial G160Max ChangeBreak Strength 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 %Elongation 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %Modulus at 100 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %Hydrostatic Resistance D751Min290 kPa(42 psi)470 kPa(68 psi)690 kPa(100 psi)830 kPa(120
44、psi)1030 kPa(150 psi)1240 kPa(180 psi)Minimum Average Molecular Weight D2124 400 400 400 400 400 400D7176 06 (2018)312. Inspection and Special Testing12.1 The manufacturer shall inspect and test material pro-duction to ensure compliance of the product with this specifi-cation.12.2 The fabricator sha
45、ll inspect and test seam fabrication toensure compliance of the product with this specification.13. Test Methods13.1 Test Method D5199, Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsU.S. units of thousandths of an inch (0.001in. = 1 mil). Metric unit of millimeters (mm).13.1.1 Thickness is to be te
46、sted once per roll, unlessautomatic thickness measuring equipment is installed on theproduction equipment.13.1.2 ThicknessTest five specimens (or one specimen perwidth foot, whichever is greater) obtained from locationsequidistant across the width of the sheet. Report the averagenominal thickness.13
47、.2 Test Method D882, Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingUse Method A.13.2.1 Test Method D882 will be used for PVC geomem-brane sheet up to 60 mil (1.5 mm) thick. Units are in pounds offorce per inch of width (lb/in.). Metric units are in kiloNewtonsper meter of width (kN/m), or Newtons per mi
48、llimeter of width(N/mm), which are equivalent units.13.2.2 Stress-Strain PropertiesDetermine tensile stress at100 % elongation (modulus), tensile strength, and ultimateelongation in accordance with MethodAof Test Method D882.Report physical properties as the average value from testing offive specime
49、ns.13.3 Test Method D1004, Initial Tear Resistance of PlasticFilm and SheetingUnits are in pounds of force to initiate tearin the specially die-cut specimen (lb) or in Newtons of force(N). This test shall be tested in both machine and cross-machine directions.13.4 Test Methods D751, Test Methods for CoatedFabricsDetermine the ability of the PVC geomembranematerial to withstand water pressure without leaking in accor-dance with Test Methods D751 Hydrostatic Burst using Sec-tion 33, Procedure A, “Pres
