1、Designation: D7177/D7177M 05 (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Specification forAir Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) DualTrack Seamed Geomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7177/D7177M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editoria
3、lly in June 2015.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers a nondestructive evaluation ofthe strength and continuity of parallel PVC geomembraneseams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded airchannel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed andinflated with air to a predetermined pr
4、essure. Long lengths ofseam can be evaluated by this specification more quickly thanby other common nondestructive tests.1.2 This specification can be used as a substitute fordestructive testing or used in conjunction with destructivetesting.1.3 This specification covers PVC sheet 0.760 mm 0.030in.
5、and thicker.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conf
6、ormancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pri
7、or to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dual seam, na geomembrane seam with two parallelwelded zones separated by an unwelded air space.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe dual seam itself can be made by anumber of methods; hot we
8、dge, hot air, and ultrasonic bondingare all typical techniques.3.1.2 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.3.1.3 seam, na permanent joining of two or more materi-als.3.2 For definitions of other terms, see Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Spec
9、ification4.1 This specification utilizes a dual seam where an airchannel exists between the two welded zones. Both ends of theair channel are sealed and then a pressure gauge is attached tothe air space. Air pressure is applied and the gauge ismonitored.4.2 Air pressures used in this specification a
10、re related to theambient temperature of the PVC geomembrane and can beused for thickness 0.760 mm 0.030 in. and thicker PVCgeomembrane. The air pressure is not dependant on thicknessof the PVC geomembrane being tested.4.3 The minimum monitoring time is recommended to be12min (30 s) following stabili
11、zation of the pressure.5. Significance and Use5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materialsto restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dualtrack seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for astandard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seamscan be asse
12、ssed for continuity, water tightness, and strength.The test is also intended to provide an indication of thephysical peel strength of the PVC seam.5.2 This specification recommends an air pressure testwithin the channel created between dual seamed trackswhereby the presence of un-bonded sections or
13、channels,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7177
14、05(2010).DOI: 10.1520/D7177_D7177M-05R15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM In
15、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1voids, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in theseamed region can be identified.5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams of PVCGeomembrane sheets 0.760 mm 0.030 in. and thicker formu-
16、lated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingre-dients to form a polyvinyl chloride sheet material that meets allspecified requirements for the end use of the product.5.4 This test is used to assure minimum peel strengths aremet through the entire seam area.5.5 This test measures the seam
17、strength to 2.6 kN/m 15lb/in. width minimum peel strengths.5.6 This procedure is based on an air channel width of 15.876 3.17 mm 0.625 6 0.125 in. For air channels greater orlesser in lay flat width use the formula below to calculate hoopstress.5.7 Hoop Stress (Barlows Formula)The stress in a chan-n
18、el wall acting circumferentially in a plane perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis of the channel and produced by the pressureof the air in the channel.5.7.1 Hoop Stress Calculation:S 5PD2t(1)where:S = hoop stress, psi,P = internal pressure,D = outside diameter of the channel, in., andt = normal wall
19、 thickness, in.6. Equipment6.1 Sealing Equipment, appropriate to seal the two ends ofthe air channel.6.2 A device is necessary to insert air into the open channeland allow monitoring its pressure. This device is unique to eachuser.6.3 Air Pump or Air Pressure Supply, capable of generatingup to 517 k
20、Pa 75 psi pressure is necessary.6.4 Pressure Gauge, capable of indicating the air pressure in7 kPa 1 psi increments within the test range.6.5 Any equipment used on the geomembrane must beplaced on an adequate cushion to preclude damage to thegeomembrane.6.6 Flexible Hose, used to connect the air sup
21、ply to the airpressure device.6.7 Knife or Scissors, capable of cutting or trimming theliner material.6.8 Infrared or Probe Type Thermometer, able to measurethe sheet temperature to an accuracy of 61.1C 62F.NOTE 1All gauges should be calibrated as specified by themanufacturer, or at a frequency of a
22、t least once per year.NOTE 2A change of 1F equals a change of59 = 0.56C.7. Procedure7.1 After the dual track seam is fabricated and the length ofseam that is to be evaluated is determined, seal one end of thecontinuous air channel with a clamp.7.2 Connect the pressure gauge and air insertion tool di
23、-rectly into the air channel.7.3 Connect an air supply to the pressure gauge and inser-tion tool and pressurize the air channel to the pressureappropriate for the PVC geomembrane sheet temperature.(Refer to Table 1.)7.4 Maintain the minimum pressure from the source for aminimum of 30 s.7.5 Inspect t
24、he seam from the clamped end for completeinflation. If the seam completely inflates and there is no audibleor visible evidence of air leakage, the seam passes the test.7.6 If the channel will not pressurize there is a leak in theseam, provided air is not leaking at the clamp or air supply tool.7.7 I
25、nspect the seam from the clamped end and locate theleak area. Because of the flexibility and elongation factors of aPVC geomembrane a leak can be detected by sound. Anothertechnique to locate a leak is to have an additional clamp and at10 ft increments clamp off the channel to locate the air leak.Be
26、cause of the flexibility of PVC geomembrane, a wrinkle canbe made in the seam area and folded over on itself andclamped.7.8 At completion of the test open the air channel at the endopposite the pressure gauge. Air should rush out and thepressure gauge should register an immediate drop in pressure,in
27、dicating that the entire length of the seam has been tested. Ifnot there is a blockage in the seam.7.9 Mark both ends of the seam with the inspectors initials,seam identification letter or numbers, or both, length inspected,date, sheet temperature and test pressure.7.10 Any dual seam that cannot be
28、successfully tested usingthis specification should be marked and tested using anothernondestructive testing practice.NOTE 3Leaks around the end seals and air pressure device can usuallybe located by putting moisture around the suspected area and looking forair bubbles.TABLE 1 Pressure Required to Ve
29、rify 15 lb/in. Seam PeelStrength for PVCNOTE 1Data for this chart is acquired from research papers in Section2 and the bibliography.SheetTemperatureCSheetTemperatureFAirPressurekPaAirPressurepsiHold Time4.5 40 414 60 30 s7 45 386 56 30 s10 50 358 52 30 s13 55 324 47 30 s15.5 60 290 42 30 s18 65 276
30、40 30 s21 70 248 36 30 s24 75 234 34 30 s26.5 80 200 29 30 s29.5 85 186 27 30 s32 90 172 25 30 s35 95 165 24 30 s37.5 100 152 22 30 s40.5 105 138 20 30 s43.5 110 131 19 30 sD7177/D7177M 05 (2015)128. Corrective Action8.1 Air Channel BlockageCamp at the blockage and testboth directions. Due to the fl
31、exibility of PVC Geomembranes,Inflation of the air channel up to the blockage is very visible.Therefore releasing the air pressure at the testing devise isacceptable in this situation.8.2 SeamWhen a seam failure is detected the seam shouldbe retested on both sides of the failure if the two parts pas
32、s thenrepair the area. If the seam failures continue the onsite CQAand installer shall discuss and agree on corrective action torepair or to rebuild the seam.NOTE 4This test purposes to measure the strength and continuity ofthe seam. If repeated failures occur the seam shall be rebuilt.9. Report9.1
33、The report should include the seam identification letteror numbers, or both, date and time of inspection, inspectorsidentification, length of seam tested; sheet temperature, testpressure and pass fail results. If fail, corrective action should bedescribed in detail.10. Keywords10.1 air channel; cana
34、l; destructive test; dual track; flexiblesheeting; geomembrane; landfill; non-destructive test; poly(vi-nyl chloride); polyvinyl chloride resin; pond liner; PVC;reservoir; water containment membrane; water leakage resis-tanceBIBLIOGRAPHY(1) Thomas, R. W. and Stark, T. D., “Air Channel Testing of The
35、rmallyBonded PVC Seams,” September 4, 2002.(2) Thomas, R. W., Stark, T. D., and Choi, H., “Air Channel Testing ofThermally Bonded PVC Seams,” Geosynthetics InternationalJournal, Industrial Fabrics Association International (IFAI), Vol 10,No. 3, October 2003, pp. 645-659.(3) Thomas, R. W. and Stark,
36、T. D., “Air-Channel Testing of ThermallyBonded PVC Geomembrane Seams,” Geotechnical Fabrics Report,Industrial Fabrics Association International, Vol 20, No. 8, October2003, p. 10.(4) Stark, T. D., Choi, H., and Thomas, R. W., “Low Temperature AirChannel Testing of Thermally Bonded PVC Seams,” Intern
37、ationalAssociation of Geosynthetic Installers, Industrial FabricsAssociationInternational (IFAI), Vol 4, Issue 1, Winter 2004, pp. 5-7.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this stand
38、ard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andi
39、f not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, wh
40、ich you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
41、United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 05 (2015)13
