1、Designation: D7180/D7180M 05 (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Guide forUse of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam inGeotechnical Projects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7180/D7180M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in July 2013.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers some of the
3、basic considerations forthe use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam in geotechni-cal projects.1.2 This guide offers a collection of information and doesnot recommend a course of action. This guide cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. No
4、t all aspects of this guide may beapplicable in all circumstances.1.3 This guide is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this guide be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects.1.
5、4 The word “standard” in the title of this guide means onlythat this guide has been approved through the ASTM Interna-tional consensus process.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equiv
6、alents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
7、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD6817 Specification for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene Geo-foam3. Terminology3.1 Defi
8、nitionsTerms used in this guide are defined inTerminology D4439.3.1.1 geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foam poly-meric material used in geotechnical engineering applications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 expanded polystyrene, ntype of foamed plasticformed by the ex
9、pansion of polystyrene resin beads in amolding process.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 EPS, nexpanded polystyrene.3.3.2 EPS geofoam, nrigid cellular polystyrene geofoammanufactured from EPS.4. Summary of Guide4.1 EPS geofoam is commonly used in geotechnical appli-cations when an extremely lightweight material is
10、 required.This guide covers some of the considerations that must beevaluated in the design of these projects.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide informs the user of design considerations inthe use of EPS geofoam which assist in the determination ofthe appropriate EPS geofoam for geotechnical appli
11、cations.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltration.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D
12、718005 (2009). DOI:10.1520/D7180_D7180M-05R13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright AS
13、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 This guide does not preclude the judgment and practiceof those competent in geotechnical design.6. Design Principles6.1 Design Considerations:6.1.1 Compressive Properties:6.1.1.1 The compressive
14、 resistance of EPS geofoam iscovered by Specification D6817. The compressive resistancefor geofoam is specified in Specification D6817 and includesthe compressive behavior of EPS geofoam at 1, 5, and 10 %strain.6.1.1.2 A typical limit for many EPS geofoam projects is toconsider the compressive resis
15、tance at 1 % strain. The com-pressive behavior at 1 % strain is within the elastic region ofEPS geofoam and provides acceptable short-term deflections inaddition to limiting long-term creep deformation.6.1.1.3 Creep deformations must be accounted for whenlong-term loads exceed the compressive resist
16、ance at 1 %strain.6.1.1.4 At a compressive resistance of 5 % strain, EPSgeofoam is beyond the elastic behavior region and is in theplastic behavior region.6.1.2 Compressive Resistance TestingThe compressive re-sistance described in 6.1.1 is determined from the uniformloading of 50-mm 2-in. cubes at
17、a prescribed loading rate.6.1.3 Load Distribution RequirementsIn applications withlocalized loading exceeding the compressive resistance at 1 %strain, a number of strategies can be used to reduce theeffective load on the EPS geofoam. A common method is theuse of a concrete slab with suitable reinfor
18、cement to distributethe load to levels below the compressive resistance at 1 %strain. A sufficient depth of cover material may also be used toreduce the project loads below the compressive resistance at1 % strain.6.1.4 Subgrade RequirementsEPS geofoam is usually in-stalled on a relatively planar sur
19、face. Subgrade preparationrequirements must be specified by the designer.6.1.5 LayoutEPS geofoam is provided in block form. Thelayout for the materials is often accomplished through the useof multiple layer design.Alternating layers of EPS geofoam areoften staggered to avoid differential block-to-bl
20、ock movement.EPS geofoam blocks vary in size for each manufacturer. EPSgeofoam block can be supplied as manufactured or trimmed tospecified dimensions. Consult the EPS geofoam supplier todetermine the dimension of EPS geofoam to optimize blockplacement and for fabrication options. Multiple EPS geofo
21、amtypes can be sourced for use in a layered design to improveproject costs.6.1.6 TolerancesDimensional tolerances are included inSpecification D6817.6.1.7 BuoyancyEPS is a lightweight material with aclosed cell structure that does not allow for significant waterabsorption. The buoyancy must be fully
22、 accounted for indesigns that include the use of EPS geofoam in submergedapplications. This should include the potential for 100-yearflood events. Common methods to counteract buoyancy are theuse of sufficient overburden or mechanical restraint.6.1.8 Thermal Insulation PropertiesThe thermal insulat-
23、ing properties of EPS must be considered in areas subject tofreezing temperatures. In these areas, a sufficient cover oftraditional fill material must be provided above the EPSgeofoam to reduce differential surface icing between EPSgeofoam and adjacent traditional fill locations.6.1.9 Ultraviolet Li
24、ght ExposureEPS geofoam will dis-color and yellow when exposed for extended time periods. EPSgeofoam expected to be exposed for long periods of timeshould be covered with an opaque material.6.1.10 FlammabilityEPS geofoam is a combustible mate-rial. EPS geofoam should be kept away from open flames,we
25、lding, sparks, and other possible sources of ignition.6.1.11 Exposure to HydrocarbonsEPS geofoam is subjectto degradation when exposed directly to or to the vapors ofmany hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel fuel. EPSgeofoam should be protected from possible exposure to thesematerials during con
26、struction and throughout the design life ofthe project. This could include possible hydrocarbon soilcontaminants that may be present before construction. EPSgeofoam can be protected from hydrocarbons by the use of ahydrocarbon-resistant geomembrane or through other physicalbarriers.6.2 Quality Contr
27、ol:6.2.1 CertificationProject specifications shall includethird-party certification to Specification D6817 requirements oras required by project needs.6.2.2 Field SamplingField sampling shall be specified toensure ongoing dimensional tolerances and density. A mini-mum frequency of density checks at
28、the site shall be specifiedto coordinate with material shipments. Third-party testing ofSpecification D6817 compressive resistance properties beforeproject initiation and at regular intervals throughout the projectis also recommended.7. Keywords7.1 EPS; EPS geofoams; expanded polystyrenes; geofoams;
29、rigid cellular polystyrenesD7180/D7180M 05 (2013)12BIBLIOGRAPHYThe references listed below provide additional information on the use of EPS geofoam in geotechnical projects.NoteThese reference documents were developed before Specification D6817 and therefore may include EPS geofoam property valuesin
30、 conflict with Specification D6817. Specification D6817, as developed through the ASTM International consensus process,is the recommended standard specification for EPS geofoam.(1) Geofoam Stabilization of an Embankment SlopeA Case Study ofRoute 23A in the Town of Jewett, Greene County, Geotechnical
31、Engineering Bureau, New York Department of Transportation,Albany, NY, 1998.(2) Horvath, J. S., Ph.D., P.E., Geofoam Geosynthetic, HorvathEngineering, P.C., Scarsdale, NY, 1995.(3) NCHRP Report 529, Guideline and Recommended Standard forGeofoam Applications in Highway Embankments, TransportationResea
32、rch Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2004.(4) Negussey, Dawit, Slope Stabilization with Geofoam, Geofoam Re-search Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 2002.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item me
33、ntionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committe
34、e and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeti
35、ng of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
36、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D7180/D7180M 05 (2013)13
