1、Designation: D 7188 05Standard Terminology forPrinting Inks, Materials, and Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in thedescription of printing inks, printing materials, and printingprocesses.1.2 This terminology
3、 standard does not include definitionsrelated to Print Problems (see Terminology D 6488).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practice
4、s and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD 1316 Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing InksBy the NPIRI GrindometerD 1535 Practice for Specifying
5、 Color by the Munsell Sys-temD 2066 Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength ofPast-Type Printing Ink DispersionsD 3732 Practice for Reporting Cure Times of Ultraviolet-Cured CoatingsD 4040 Test Method for Viscosity of Printing Inks andVehicles by the Falling-Rod ViscometerD 4302 Specification for
6、 Artists Oil, Resin-Oil, and AlkydPaintsD 4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks andVehicles by a Three-Roller TackmeterD 4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-ences Between Surfaces of Similar AppearanceD 5010 Guide for Testing Printing Inks and Related Mate-rialsD 518
7、1 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of PrintedMatter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion TesterD 5383 Practice for Visual Determination of the Lightfast-ness of Art Materials by Art TechnologistsD 5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of RadiationCurable MaterialsD 5909 Test Method for Drying Ti
8、me of Oxidative-DryingPrinting Inks by Squalene ResistanceD 6488 Terminology Relating to Print ProblemsD 6493 Test Methods of Softening Point of HydrocarbonResins by Automated Ring-and-Ball ApparatusD 6687 Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Com-ponents ThereofE 430 Test Methods for Measurem
9、ent of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Goniophotometry2.2 Other Documents:NAPIM: National Association of Printing Ink Manufactur-ers, 5thed. 19883Kipphan: Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Pro-duction Methods, Kipphan, Helmut: Springer 20013. Significance and Use3.1 A common set of definition
10、s is essential to improvecommunication and avoid misunderstanding among ink mak-ers, paper makers, and printers.3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referencedsources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organizationor the author of the book at the end of the definition.4. Termino
11、logy4.1 Definitions:abrasion resistance, n(1) the ability of a coating to resistbeing worn away and to maintain its original appearance andstructure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear.D16(2) resistance against the act of scraping, smudging, orrubbing off. D 5181(3) ability to withstand the
12、 effects of repeated rubbing andscuffing. NAPIMabrasiveness, n(1) the degree to which a product tends tocause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping. D 5181(2) the tendency of a substance to wear or scratch othersurfaces with which it is in contact. NAPIM1This terminology is under the jurisdicti
13、on of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published September 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
14、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, 581 MainSt. 5th Fl., Woodbridge, NJ 07095.1Copyright ASTM International, 1
15、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.absorbency, nthe tendency of a porous material, such aspaper, to take up liquids or vapors. NAPIMabsorption, nsoaking in or penetration of liquid componentsof the ink into the pores of an absorbent substrate (a type o
16、fphysical drying, like evaporation). Kipphanacross-machine direction, nthe perpendicular to with-machine direction, referring to a substrate and its passagethrough printing machinery.additive, na substance added in small quantities to anothersubstance, usually to improve properties; sometimes called
17、 amodifier (for example, a drier, mildewcide, etc.). D16additive primary colors, nred, green, and blue. NAPIMDISCUSSIONMixing lights of these colors together can produce alarge gamut of colors. When mixed in equal amounts, they produce thesensation of white light.adhesion, nthe tendency of a materia
18、l to bond to anothermaterial, as in the bonding of a printing ink to a substrate.adhesion promoter, na material built into the binder oradded to the ink to form primary bonds to either the substrateor the previously applied coating, with the specific aim ofimproving the dry or wet adhesion, or both.
19、adsorption, nthe adhesion of an extremely thin layer ofmaterial to the surface with which it is in contact. NAPIMafter-tack, nthe tendency of a printed surface to remainsticky to the touch even when the ink has completed itsdrying process.agglomerate, na cluster of pigment aggregates that can bebrok
20、en down by appropriate dispersion and milling opera-tions during ink manufacture.aggregate, na cluster of primary pigment particles thatcannot be broken down by dispersion and milling operationsduring ink manufacture.alkyd, na group of synthetic resins formed by condensationsof polybasic acids with
21、polyhydric alcohols, and modifiedwith drying oils for printing ink use. NAPIMaluminum ink, nsee silver ink.aniline ink, nearly name for rubber plate printing fluid(flexographic) ink. NAPIManiline point, nthe minimum temperature at which a hydro-carbon solvent is completely soluble in an equal volume
22、 offreshly distilled aniline. NAPIMDISCUSSIONBelow this point, the mixture is cloudy and separatesinto two layers. It is used as a measure of solvent power of hydrocarbonsolvents.aniline printing, nan earlier name for flexography, based onthe use of the aniline inks that were initially used.Kipphana
23、nilox roller, nan engraved metering cylinder used in flexopresses to transfer a controlled film of ink to the printingplate.antiskinning agents, nchemical substances that retard theskin formation on the surface of an oxidizable oil or ink(frequently antioxidants). NAPIMapparent tack, na measure of t
24、he force required to split anink film at the out-running nip of a pair of rollers under aspecific set of conditions.ball mill, na dispersion device comprised of a rotatingcylinder containing balls which cascade; used to disperse apigment in a vehicle by impact and attrition as the cylinderrevolves.
25、NAPIMbarrier coating, nthe coating applied to a substrate to makeit resistant to the permeation of moisture vapor, gases, water,or other liquids including oils. NAPIMbase, nin ink manufacture, a dispersion of very highpigment-to-binder ratio containing usually only one pigment(or dye) dispersed in a
26、 vehicle and subsequently mixed withpolymers, solvents, and additives to produce the finished ink.NAPIMbasis weight, nthe weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets)of paper cut to a given standard size for that grade.NAPIMDISCUSSIONFor example, 500 sheets 25 by 38 of 80-lb. coated forbook papers will w
27、eigh eighty pounds.batch, na discrete quantity of manufactured ink or coatingproduced by following a formula to completion.bimetal plate, nin lithography, a plate in which the imagearea is copper or brass and the non-image area is aluminum,stainless steel, or chromium. NAPIMbinder, nthe components i
28、n an ink film which hold thepigment to the printed surface. NAPIMblanc fixe, nprecipitated barium sulphate used as a semi-transparent extender in printing inks. NAPIMblanket, n(1) in offset lithography, a fabric coated withnatural or synthetic rubber which is clamped around theblanket cylinder and w
29、hich transfers the ink from the pressplate to the paper. NAPIM(2) the sheet of elastomer-coated fabric or equivalent placedon the blanket cylinder to receive ink from the plate and offsetit to the sheet or web on the impression cylinder.blanket cylinder, na rigid roller to which a rubber coatingfabr
30、ic is attached.blanket wash, nthe solvent used to clean the blanket.bleach, nthe method of measuring the tinctorial strength ofan ink or toner, usually accomplished by mixing a smallportion of the ink (or toner) with a large amount of whitebase and evaluating the tinctorial strength of the ink versu
31、sa control standard. NAPIMblind, nan image area on a plate that will not take ink (notto be used where no image is present.blinding of lithographic plate, nloss of ink-receptivity inthe image areas of the plate.bloom, (see also blushing), n(1) material migrating to thesurface of a film. NAPIM(2) coa
32、ting that forms on rubber blankets when they are leftstanding.(3) vmigration over time of an incompatible component ofa dried printing ink to the surface (for example, wax), oftenresulting in a reduction in surface gloss.blown oil, na product obtained by forcing air through heateddrying or semi dryi
33、ng oils, which changes the oil byoxidizing the double bonds.bodied oil, na drying or semi-drying oil whose viscosity hasbeen increased (usually by heating). NAPIMbody, n(1) a general term referring to viscosity, consistencyand flow of a vehicle or an ink.D7188052(2) used to describe the increase in
34、viscosity by polymeriza-tion of drying oils at high temperatures. NAPIMbody gum, nlinseed oil that has been heat polymerized to aheavy, gummy state, commonly used as a bodying agent.NAPIMbodying agent, na material added to an ink to increase itsviscosity. NAPIMboiled oil, na linseed oil which has be
35、en heated to a hightemperature for a short time, which increases the viscosityand drying rate. NAPIMDISCUSSIONBoiled oil usually contains a small amount of drier.brightness, nthe intensity of whiteness perceived by aviewer. NAPIMbrilliance, nthe combined effect of brightness and apparentcolor streng
36、th. NAPIMbronze, nmetallic appearance of a color caused by a changein the angles of viewing and illumination. NAPIMbronze powder, na metallic pigment for printing ink,consisting mainly of copper alloys in fine flakes. NAPIMbronzing, v(bronze busting) applying finely powdered metalparticles or flakes
37、 to give the appearance of metallic printing.NAPIMnthe metal-like reflectance which sometimes appears atthe surface of nonmetallic colored materials.DISCUSSIONBronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterizedby a distinct h
38、ue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of thecolor itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed isgenerally considered to be reflectance from very small particle sizepigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the inkfilm surface.calender, na set o
39、r stack of horizontal rollers at the end of apaper machine. NAPIMDISCUSSIONThe paper is passed between the rollers to increase thesmoothness and gloss of its surface.caliper, nthe thickness of a sheet or material, usuallyexpressed in thousandths of an inch (mils). NAPIMcast-coated paper, na paper or
40、 board having a coatingwhich is allowed to harden or set while in contact with afinished casting surface (usually a steam heated drum).NAPIMDISCUSSIONCast-coated papers have a high-gloss finish.catalytic coating, ncoatings formulated as two-part systems,available in both water and solvent reducible
41、formulas,which use reactive resins that cure to form a thermoset film.NAPIMDISCUSSIONThese coatings have good heat and abrasion resistance,high gloss, solvent resistance, and adhere to a wide variety ofsubstrates.cell, na small etched or engraved depression in a gravurecylinder or flexo anilox rolle
42、r that carries the ink.cellophane, ntransparent flexible film consisting of regener-ated cellulose and plasticizers. NAPIMcentipoise, na unit measure of viscosity. NAPIMDISCUSSIONOne hundred centipoises equal one poise. At roomtemperature, water has a viscosity of approximately one centipoise,gravur
43、e inks of approximately 100 centipoise, and offset inks ofapproximately 50,000 centipoise.chalking, na condition of a printing ink in which thepigment is not properly bound to the substrate by the vehicleand can be easily rubbed off as a powder. NAPIMchannel black, ncarbon black produced by impingin
44、g anatural gas flame against a metal surface. NAPIMDISCUSSIONBecause of air pollution control requirements, this typeof black has been almost completely replaced by Furnace Black in theU.S.china clay, nnatural, white, inorganic mineral pigment usedin paper coatings and as an ink extender, also known
45、 askaolin or Pigment White 19. NAPIMchroma, n(1) one of the attributes of color, characterized byits purity or saturation (strength). NAPIM(2) the attribute of color used to indicate the degree ofdeparture of the color from a neutral color of the samelightness. D 1535cleaner sheet, na sheet of blott
46、er-like stock that is some-times used as an aid in washing up the inked rollers.coating, na liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that isconverted to a solid protective, decorative, or functionaladherent film after application as a thin layer. D16cobalt drier, na material containing chemically c
47、ombinedcobalt used to accelerate oxidation and polymerization of alithographic ink film. NAPIMcohesion, nthe tendency of a material to bond to itself ratherthan another material. NAPIMcoldset ink, nink which dries and forms a printed image byabsorption into the substrate, without the use of heat or
48、otherenergy.DISCUSSIONNews inks are often referred to as coldset inks.colorant, nthe color-generating component of an ink, typi-cally a pigment or a dye or combination of the two.color bar, na device printed in a trim area of a press sheet tomonitor printing variables such as trapping, ink density,
49、dotgain, and print contrast; usually consisting of single solidcolors, overprints, or two and three color solids and tints ofcyan, magenta, yellow, and black.DISCUSSIONAdditional aids such as resolution targets and dot gainscales can be included.color burn-out, nan objectionable change in the color of aprinting ink which may occur either in bulk or on the printedsheet. NAPIMDISCUSSIONIn the bulk case it is associated primarily with tints, andis caused by a chemical reaction between certain components i
