1、Designation: D7189 12Standard Test Method forRelative Mileage of News Ink on Newsprint1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure fordetermining the relative mileage of news inks on newsprint.The test method utilizes a proof
3、ing press, analytical balanceand a reflection densitometer.1.2 This test method is intended for black oil-based newsinks that dry by penetration (that is, letterpress or web offset)and for which a suitable reference standard is available. Withappropriate optical instrumentation, it is also applicabl
4、e tocolored news inks.1.3 This test method may also be used to determine therelative ink receptivity of test newsprints versus a referencestandard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This test method does no
5、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
6、ds:2D528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard (Withdrawn 2010)3D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing (Withdrawn 2010)3D5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side of Paper(Withdrawn 2009)3D7305 Test Method for Reflection Density of Printed Matte
7、r3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ink mileage, nweight per unit area of ink required toachieve a given reflection density, laboratory units are g/m2.3.1.2 ink receptivity, nweight per unit area of ink requiredto achieve a target reflection density when comparing differentnewsprint stocks, units a
8、re g/m2.3.1.3 news ink, na pigmented paste composition that isapplied to newsprint by printing machinery.3.1.4 newsprint, npaper substrate made from wood pulpused chiefly for printing newspapers.3.1.5 reflection density, nthe light absorbing ability of amaterial, expressed as the logarithm of the re
9、ciprocal of thereflectance factor (that is, higher reflection density indicatesmore light is absorbed).3.2 Symbols:A = weight of inked plate after printing, gB = weight of inked plate before printing, gC = coverage (weight of ink) on the print, gCT= C required to achieve the target reflection densit
10、y, gD = reflection densityM = mileage of an ink, or ink receptivity of a paper, g/m2S = printed area on the paper specimen, cm24. Summary of Test Method4.1 Laboratory prints of the test news ink on the designatednewsprint are made at various ink film weights giving reflec-tion densities that span th
11、e target value.4.2 The weight of ink on the print corresponding to thetarget density is determined graphically or by regressionanalysis. The resulting value for mileage, expressed as g/m2,iscompared to that obtained with the reference news ink tested inthe identical fashion.4.3 When the test method
12、is used to compare differentnewsprint stocks with a reference newsprint, the relationship iscalled ink receptivity.5. Significance and Use5.1 Ink mileage on a production press is of economicimportance of the user of printing inks, the lower the mileagefigure, the less ink is required to produce a jo
13、b. This test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approvedin 2005. Last
14、 previous edition approved in 2005 as D7189 05. DOI: 10.1520/D7189-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service as serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
15、 website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1method provides a procedure by which news inks can beassessed for mileage or newsprint stocks
16、 for ink receptivity inthe laboratory.5.2 Because of the many variables that exist among labora-tory and production presses, this test method is apt to yieldmore meaningful information when results are expressed on arelative rather than an absolute basis.6. Apparatus6.1 Laboratory Print Makerprefera
17、bly a motor drivenprintability tester capable of setting print pressure and havinga readily removable printing plate that can be accommodatedon an analytical balance.6.2 Printing Platetypically a solid-faced disk composedof aluminum, rubber-covered aluminum, or rubber-coverednylon. Resulting prints
18、are about 3.5 to 5 cm wide and 20 cm(112 by 8 in.) long.6.3 Analytical Balanceaccurate to 0 .0001 g with mini-mum 160 g capacity to accommodate the typical disc in 6.2.6.4 Reflection Densitometerconforming to Test MethodD7305.NOTE 1The filter systems in typical densitometers are suitable onlyfor use
19、 with black, white, and the three process colors (yellow, magentaand cyan).6.5 Tongs or Rubber Gloves (without powder)for handlingthe printing plate.6.6 Ink Spatulasmall.7. Materials7.1 For measuring mileage of news inks.7.1.1 Reference news inkhaving a known mileage, to beused as the basis for rati
20、ng the test news ink.7.1.2 Newsprintcut to appropriate size appropriate to theprint maker and consistent for printing side (felt or wire) andcut in machine direction.7.1.3 Target reflection density specification.7.1.4 Backing materialfor use while making reflectiondensity measurements. Unprinted new
21、sprint stock in sufficientthickness to guarantee 99 % opacity is the standard. Typically,six or more sheets are required to achieve the opacity require-ment. Other backing materials such as a matte black may beused by agreement between supplier and customer but thismust be clearly noted in the repor
22、t.7.1.5 Clean-up materialssuch as mineral spirits and lint-free rags or tissues.8. Hazards8.1 WarningSince solvents may be hazardous to the skinand eyes, wear rubber gloves and safety glasses during cleanupto avoid solvent contact with skin and eyes. See suppliersMaterial Safety Data Sheets for furt
23、her information on eachsolvent used.9. Test Specimen9.1 Less than one gram of news ink is sufficient to make therequired 4 to 6 prints for a mileage or ink receptivity test.Before removing the ink specimen from a container, insert aspatula and hand stir thoroughly, taking care that air bubblesare no
24、t introduced.9.2 For each mileage or ink receptivity test, prepare 6newsprint specimens by cutting the paper to the size appropri-ate for the print maker; see guidelines in Table 1. The longerdimension should preferably be in the machine direction,which can be determined by Test Method D528. Determi
25、ne thefelt and wire side of the newsprint by Test Methods D5039 andmark on each specimen. Unless otherwise specified, the feltside will be the printing side.NOTE 2When handling the test newsprint, be careful not to touch thesurface with bare fingers, as localized changes in absorbency may result.10.
26、 Conditioning10.1 The adsorbency properties of paper and ink are highlysensitive to relative humidity and temperature. For thesereasons, reproducible printing requires that the test and refer-ence samples be conditioned at the same conditions; PracticeD685 specifies 50 6 2 % relative humidity and 23
27、 6 1.0Ctemperature.11. Prepare the Print Maker11.1 Preset the operating conditions of the laboratory printmaker. Typical for newsprint are a printing pressure of 650 N,a printing speed of 0.2 m/s and a temperature of 25C.11.2 Set the composition roller of the distribution system inplace.11.3 Select
28、the printing disk to be used and position it on thedisk holder out of contact with the top roller.NOTE 3Avoid any operation that will scratch the metal distributionand printing plates or damage the rubber blanket on the impressioncylinder.12. Procedure12.1 Apply to the composition roller of the dist
29、ributionsystem the amount of ink necessary to obtain a print reflectiondensity about 0.15 units above the target value. See guidelinesin Table 1. Using a small spatula, spread the ink uniformlyacross the roller.12.2 Turn the distribution system on, let distribute oneminute.12.3 Lower the printing di
30、sk onto the top roller, let distrib-ute for 15 s.12.4 Raise the disk holder. Turn the distribution system off.12.5 Using tongs or rubber gloves, transfer the inked disk tothe analytical balance. Weigh to the nearest 0.0001 g. Recordas B1, the weight before making the first print.TABLE 1 Guidelines f
31、or Test MaterialsPrintabilityTesterSize ofnewsprintSize ofprintSurface area ofdistributionInitial ink added torollerscm cm cm2gPrufbau 4.5 28 4 20 570 0.10 0.15IGT C-Type 4 25 3.5 20 720 0.160.25IGT A-Type 5.5 30 5 20 1200 0.20 0.35D7189 12212.6 Using tongs or rubber gloves, transfer the weighed dis
32、kto the print maker. Insert the news print specimen, proper sideup, into the sled (or mount on the impression cylinder).12.7 Turn the print maker on, pull the print, and turn theprint maker off.12.8 Immediately remove the print and position on thedesignated backing (7.1.4). With the proper filter in
33、 place onthe densitometer, measure the reflection density in at least threeplaces. Compute the average value and record as D1.12.9 Using tongs or rubber gloves, remove the disk from theprint maker, place it on the analytical balance, record the “afterweight” to the nearest 0.0001g as A.1.12.10 If D1
34、 is not at least 0.15 units higher than the targetreflection density, dab a small quantity of ink across adistribution roller and repeat 12.2-12.6 without cleaning thedisk. If it is determined that paper lint has adhered to the diskduring the test sequence, the test must be repeated using aslower pr
35、inting speed in 12.7.12.11 When D1 (or D2) is at least 0.15 units higher than thetarget density, continue making prints by 12.2-12.6 withoutcleaning the disk or distribution rollers until the reflectiondensity falls below the target value. Ideally, there should be 2or 3 sets of data above and 2 or 3
36、 sets of data below the targetvalue.12.12 At the conclusion of the testing, clean up the disk anddistribution system with appropriate solvent. Make sure bothare dry before continuing.12.13 Repeat 12.1-12.12 with the reference news ink (orreference newsprint).12.14 Run replicate tests by repeating 12
37、.1-12.13.13. CalculationNOTE 4The starting reflection density should be approximately 0.15units above the target reflection density. Compute C, the ink on the print,from the difference on weight of the inked plate before and after eachprinting as follows:C1 5 B1 2 A1, g (1)repeat for Print 2 through
38、 print n.13.1 Obtain the value of CT, the ink on the print required toachieve the target reflection density, by interpolation of a graphof each D versus the corresponding C or by regression analysis,or both.13.2 Compute mileage per unit area by dividing CT by S,the area of the printed specimen in CM
39、2, as follows:M 5CTS3104, g/m2(2)13.3 Compute relative mileage (or relative ink receptivity)by dividing the results for the test material by that of thereference material. A lower result means better efficiency.NOTE 5Customers may want the test method results expressed as thereciprocal of the result
40、s given in this calculation as the reciprocal resultcould be an indicator of how much finished printed matter could beproduced from a given amount of ink (at 100 % coverage).14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Test results for relative mileage an ink or relative inkreceptivity of
41、a newsprint.14.1.2 Identity of the test and reference material.14.1.3 Color of the ink and the target density.14.1.4 Printing conditions such as type of print maker,pressure, speed and the type of printing plate.14.1.5 Paper side used for printing (wire or felt).14.1.6 The backing material used for
42、reflection densitymeasurements, if other than an opaque thickness of theunprinted newsprint.14.1.7 Deviations from this test method.15. Precision and Bias415.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of this test methodwas conducted in which one operator in each of four labora-tories participated in round
43、 robin testing of five samples ofnews ink blacks of varying percentages of carbon blackpigmentation. The following criteria should be used for judg-ing the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:15.1.1 RepeatabilityDuplicate results obtained by thesame operator should be considered su
44、spect if they differ bymore than 6.42 % of the mean g/m2.15.1.2 ReproducibilityDuplicate results obtained by op-erators in different laboratories should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 8.00 % of the mean g/m2.15.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure in Te
45、st Method D7189 for measuring RelativeMileage of News Ink on Newsprint because no material havingan accepted reference value is available.16. Keywords16.1 ink mileage; ink receptivity; news print; reflectiondensity4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained
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