1、Designation: D7263 09 (Reapproved 2018)1Standard Test Methods forLaboratory Determination of Density (Unit Weight) of SoilSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7263; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe
3、two ways of determiningthe total/moist and dry densities (unit weights) of intact,disturbed, remolded, and reconstituted (compacted) soil speci-mens. Density (unit weight) as used in this standard means thesame as “bulk density” of soil as defined by the Soil ScienceSociety of America. Intact specim
4、ens may be obtained fromthin-walled sampling tubes, block samples, or clods. Speci-mens that are remolded by dynamic or static compactionprocedures may also be measured by these methods. Thesemethods apply to soils that will retain their shape during themeasurement process and may also apply to othe
5、r materialssuch as soil-cement, soil-lime, soil-bentonite or solidifiedsoil-bentonite-cement slurries. It is common for the density(unit weight) of specimens after removal from sampling tubesand compaction molds to be less than the value based on tubeor mold volumes, or of in situ conditions. This i
6、s due to thespecimen swelling after removal of lateral pressures.1.1.1 Method A covers the procedure for measuring thevolume of wax coated specimens by determining the quantityof water displaced.1.1.1.1 This method only applies to specimens in which thewax will not penetrate the outer surface of the
7、 specimen.1.1.2 Method B covers the procedure by means of the directmeasurement of the dimensions and mass of a specimen,usually one of cylindrical shape. Intact and reconstituted/remolded specimens may be tested by this method in conjunc-tion with strength, permeability (air/water) and compressibil
8、itydeterminations.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding
9、 established inPractice D6026.1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy with which the data can be applied in design orother uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained usingthis standard is beyond
10、its scope.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations pr
11、ior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
12、Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of
13、Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling ofFine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2166/D2166M Test Method for Unconfined Compres
14、siveStrength of Cohesive Soil1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2018. Published March 2018. Originall
15、yapproved in 2009 as D726309. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD726309. DOI: 10.1520/D7263-09R18E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
16、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Dec
17、ision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Clas
18、sification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D3550/D3550M Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, SplitBarrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agenci
19、esEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4220/D4220M Practices for Preserving and TransportingSoil SamplesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying
20、 Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2 Other Reference:Soil Science Society of America Glossa
21、ry of Soil ScienceTerms33. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D653 for standard definitions ofterms.4. Significance and Use4.1 Dry density, as defined as “density of soil or rock” inTerminology D653 and “bulk density” by soil scientists, can beused to convert the water fraction of soil from a mass
22、basis toa volume basis and vise-versa. When particle density, that is,specific gravity (Test Methods D854) is also known, drydensity can be used to calculate porosity and void ratio (seeAppendix X1). Dry density measurements are also useful fordetermining degree of soil compaction. Since moisture co
23、ntentis variable, moist soil density provides little useful informationexcept to estimate the weight of soil per unit volume, forexample, pounds per cubic yard, at the time of sampling. Sincesoil volume shrinks with drying of swelling soils, bulk densitywill vary with moisture content. Hence, the wa
24、ter content ofthe soil should be determined at the time of sampling.4.2 Densities (unit weights) of remolded/reconstitutedspecimens are commonly used to evaluate the degree ofcompaction of earthen fills, embankments, etc. Dry densityvalues are usually used in conjunction with compaction curvevalues
25、(Test Methods D698 and D1557).4.3 Density (unit weight) is one of the key components indetermining the mass composition/phase relations of soil, seeAppendix X1.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of
26、 the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable
27、 results depend on several factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.5. Apparatus5.1 For Method A the following apparatus are required:5.1.1 BalanceAll balances must meet the requirements ofSpecification D4753 and this section. A Class GP1 balance of0.01 g readabili
28、ty is required for specimens having a mass upto 200 grams and a Class GP2 balance of 0.1 g readability isrequired for specimens having a mass over 200 grams. Formethod A, the balance must be capable of measuring the massof the specimen suspended in water. This is usually accom-plished by a weighing
29、hook built into the balance for thatpurpose, or a yoke assemblage is placed upon the pan whichsuspends a thin, non-absorbent string or wire, that is, a nylonline, etc., below the balance into the water reservoir.5.1.2 Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled, prefer-ably of the forced-draft type, ca
30、pable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 110 6 5C throughout the drying chamber.5.1.3 WaxNon-shrinking, paraffin and/or microcrystallinewax that has a known and constant density, , to foursignificant figures and that does not change after repeatedmelting and cooling cycles.NOTE 2The waxes genera
31、lly used are commercially available andhave density values in the range of 0.87 to 0.91 g/cm3or Mg/m3.5.1.4 Wax-Melting ContainerUsed to melt the wax, butshould not allow the wax to overheat.Acontainer heated by hotwater, preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory.The wax should be heat
32、ed to only slightly above the meltingpoint to avoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quicklyforming a uniform surface coating of wax. WarningVaporsgiven off by molten wax ignite spontaneously above 205C(400F) and should not be allowed to come in contact with theheating element or open flame.
33、5.1.5 Wire BasketA wire basket of 3.35 mm or finer meshof approximately equal width and height of sufficient size tocontain the specimen. The basket shall be constructed toprevent trapping air when it is submerged. The basket issuspended from the balance by a fine thread or string.Ahairnetmay also b
34、e used in lieu of the basket for smaller soilspecimens.5.1.6 ContainerA container or tank of sufficient size tocontain the submerged basket and specimen.5.1.7 Specimen ContainerA corrosion-resistant containerof sufficient size to contain the specimen for water contentdetermination.5.1.8 ThermometerC
35、apable of measuring the temperaturerange within which the test is being performed graduated in a0.1 degree C division scale and meeting the requirements ofSpecification E2251.5.1.9 Container Handling ApparatusGloves or suitableholder for moving and handling hot containers.5.1.10 MiscellaneousPaintbr
36、ush, trimming tools, speci-men containers, and data sheets provided as required.5.2 For Method B the following apparatus are needed:3Available online: www.soils.org/sssagloss/index.php.D7263 09 (2018)125.2.1 BalanceSee 5.1.1.5.2.2 Drying OvenSee 5.1.2.5.2.3 Specimen-Size Measurement DevicesDevices u
37、sedto determine the height and width or diameter of the specimenshall measure the respective dimensions to four significantdigits and shall be constructed so that their use will not indentor penetrate into the specimen.NOTE 3Circumferential measuring tapes are recommended overcalipers for measuring
38、the diameter of cylindrical specimens.5.2.4 Apparatus for Preparing Reconstituted or RemoldedSpecimens (Optional)Such apparatus is only required if thesetypes of specimens are being tested.5.2.5 Miscellaneous ApparatusSpecimen trimming andcarving tools including a wire saw, steel straightedge, miter
39、box and vertical trimming lathe, specimen containers, and datasheets shall be provided as required.6. Samples and Test Specimens6.1 SamplesIntact samples shall be preserved and trans-ported in accordance with Practice D4220/D4220M Groups Cand D soil. Compacted or remolded specimens shall bepreserved
40、 in accordance with Practice D4220/D4220M GroupB soil. Maintain the samples that are stored prior to testing innon-corrodible airtight containers at a temperature betweenapproximately 3 and 30C and in an area that prevents directcontact with sunlight.6.2 SpecimensSpecimens for testing shall be suffi
41、cientlycohesive and firm to maintain shape during the measuringprocedure if Method A is used, see 1.1.1.1. Specimens shallhave a minimum dimension of 30 mm (1.3 in.) and the largestparticle contained within the test specimen shall be smallerthan one-tenth of the specimens smallest dimension. Forspec
42、imens having a dimension of 72 mm (2.8 in.) or larger, thelargest particle size shall be smaller than one-sixth of thespecimens smallest dimension. If, after completion of a test onan intact specimen, visual observations indicate that largerparticles than permitted are present, indicate this informa
43、tion inthe remarks section of the report of test data.7. Procedure7.1 Record all identifying information for the specimen,such as project, boring number, depth, sample type (that is,tube, trimmed, etc.), visual soil classification (Practice D2488),or other pertinent data.7.2 Method AWater Displaceme
44、nt:7.2.1 Determine, if not previously established, the densityof the wax to be used to four significant digits (see 5.1.3).7.2.2 Prepare specimens in an environment that minimizesany changes in water content. For some soils, changes in watercontent are minimized by trimming specimens in a controlled
45、environment, such as a controlled high-humidity room/enclosure.7.2.3 If required, cut a specimen meeting the size require-ments given in 6.2 from the sample to be tested. If required,trim the specimen to a fairly regular shape. Re-entrant anglesshould be avoided, and any cavities formed by large par
46、ticlesbeing pulled out should be patched carefully with materialfrom the trimmings. Handle specimens carefully to minimizedisturbance, change in shape, or change in water content.Typically, for most samples, changes in water content areminimized by trimming specimens, in a controlledenvironment, suc
47、h as a controlled high-humidity room/enclosure.7.2.4 Determine and record the moist mass of the soilspecimen (Mt) to four significant figures in g or kg.7.2.5 Cover the specimen with a thin coat of melted wax,either with a paintbrush or by dipping the specimen in acontainer of melted wax. Apply a se
48、cond coat of wax after thefirst coat has hardened. The wax should be sufficiently warm toflow when brushed on the specimen, yet it should not be so hotthat it dries the soil.NOTE 4If overheated wax comes in contact with the soil specimen, itmay cause the moisture to vaporize and form air bubbles und
49、er the wax.Bubbles may be trimmed out and filled with wax.7.2.6 Determine and record the mass of the wax-coatedspecimen in air (MC) to four significant figures in g or kg.7.2.7 Determine and record the submerged mass of thewax-coated specimen (Msub) to four significant digits in g orkg. This is done by placing the specimen in a wire baskethooked onto a balance and immersing the basket and specimenin a container of water. In order to directly measure thesubmerged mass of the wet soil and wax, the balance must havebeen previously balanced (tared t
