1、Designation: D 7294 06Standard Guide forCollecting Treatment Process Design Data at aContaminated SiteA Site Contaminated With Chemicals ofInterest1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatmentprocesses design data needed
3、 to evaluate, select, and designtreatment processes for remediation of contaminated sites. Thisdata is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Much of these data can beobtained and analyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conductingenvironmental site ass
4、essments and Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S.Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
5、o establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD 1293 Test Methods for p
6、H of WaterD 1498 Practice for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of WaterD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2325 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationshipsfor Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-PlateApparatusD 2434 Test M
7、ethod for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D 3152 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationshipsfor Fine-Textured Soils by Pressure-Membrane ApparatusD 3590 Test Methods for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in WaterD 3921 Test Method for Oil and Grease and PetroleumHydrocarbons in WaterD 4327 T
8、est Method for Anions in Water by ChemicallySuppressed Ion ChromatographyD 4564 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theSleeve MethodD 4611 Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and SoilD 4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by theWax MethodD 4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD 5084
9、Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD 5334 Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conduc-tivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle ProbeProcedureD 5463 Guide for Use of Test Kits to Measure InorganicConstituents
10、 in WaterD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 6836 Test Methods for Determination of the Soil WaterChararcteristic Curve for Desorption Using a HangingColumn, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer,and/o
11、r CentrifugeE 953 Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel(RDF) Ash2.2 Other Documents:Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and ReferenceGuide3U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.43043. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 remedial treatment process, nas used in this guide,physical
12、, chemical and biological technologies used to destroy,contain or remove contaminants of concern at contaminatedsites.3.1.2 treatment process design data, nas used in thisguide, physical and chemical data that are needed, in addition1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Wast
13、eManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of A
14、STMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available at http:/www.frtr.gov4Available at http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABL
15、E 1 Water ParametersATechnologyBDO(field)Temperature(field)TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS)TurbidityCCO2H2SDissolvedH2Methane,EthaneandEthenepH(field)ORP(field)Chloride(Cl-)Fluoride(Fl-)Ca+2,Mg+2,Mn+2,Na+,K+DTOCCOD DOC TotalDissolvedSolids(TDS)AlkalinityHCO3-,CO3-2Conductivity(field)EVolatileFattyAcidsBiol
16、ogicalOxygenDemand(5-dayBOD)Oil/Grease Ammonia(NH3)Phosphorous(total)FerrousIronFe+2FTotalIronFe+2+Fe+3DSulfate/sulfite(SO4=/SO3=)Nitrate/nitrite(NO3-/NO2-)KjeldahlNitrogenSieveAnalysisGIN SITU TREATMENTPhytoremediationHXX X XX O O X O OOXPermeable Reactive Barriers X X O X O X X O O X X O X X O X X
17、 O O XMonitored Natural Attenuation X X X O O O XXXX X OXO OX XXOXEnhanced Bioremediation X X X OOOOXXX X OXO OX XXOXAir Sparging X X X O X X X O O X X O O X O O O XHot Water or Steam Flush/Strip See Soil, Sediment SM 4500-H+G; Test Methods D 1293 0 - 14 pH units MeterHORPD,E,ISM 2580G; Practice D 1
18、498 MeterTemperatureD,EEPA 170.1F; SM 2550G0 - 100CDissolved Oxygen (DO)D,EEPA 360.1F; SM 4500-OG360.2 0 - 20 mg/L Spectrophotometer(spec)/MeterH1 - 10 mg/LConductivityD,EEPA 120.1F; SM 2510G1 - 1,000 S/cm Meter 200 mSTurbidityD,EEPA 180.1F0 - 40 NTU Spec/Meter 0 - 4,400 NTU/0.1 - 100 NTUTotal disso
19、lved solids EPA 160.1F10 - 20,000 mg/L Meter 0 - 200 mg/LAmmonia EPA 350.1/350.2/350.3F; SM 4500-NH3G0.01 - 2.0 mg/L Spec/KitH0 - 2.5 mg/LKjeldahl (TKN) EPA 351.1/351.2/351.3/ 351.4F; SM 4500-NorgG0.05 - 2.0 mg/L Spec/Kit 1 - 150 mg/LAnionsF 0013Belectrode-EPA 340.1/340.2/340.3F; SM 4500-F-G0300 0.1
20、 - 1,000 mg/L Spec/Kit 0 - 2 mg/L/0 - 2 mg/LCl-EPA 325.1/325.2/325.3F; SM 4500 Cl-G0300 1 - 200 mg/L Spec/Kit 0-20/5-400NO3-EPA 352.1F; SM 4500-NO3-G; Test Method D 4327 0300 0.1 - 2 mg/L as N Spec/KitH0 - 30/0 - 10 mg/LNO2-EPA 354.1F; SM 4500-NO2-G0300 0.01 - 1.0 mg/L as N Spec/KitH0 - 0.3/0 - 1.0
21、mg/LSO42-EPA 375.1/375.2/375.3/ 375.4F; SM 4500-SO42-G;Test Method D 4327 03003 - 400 mg/L Spec/KitH0 - 70/50 - 200 mg/LSO3-SM 4500-SO3-BG. EPA 377.1JKitAlkalinity (HCO3-,CO32-) EPA 310.1/310.2F; SM 2320G10 - 200 mg/L as CaCO3KitH10 - 4,000 mg/LPhosphorus (Total) EPA 365.4 0.01 - 20 mg/L Spec/KitH0
22、- 3.5/0 - 5 mg/LCationsFe2+EUSGS 1-1388-78KSpec/KitH0 - 3/0 - 10 mg/LFe total (Fe2+and Fe3+) EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ236.1/.2 5 - 40 g/L Spec/KitH0 - 3/0 - 10 mg/LK+EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ; 258.1 10 - 200 g/L Spec 0 - 7 mg/LNa+EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ; 273.1/2 1 - 200 g/L Meter 0 - satCa2+EPA 6010B/6020/700
23、0AJ; 215.1/2 50 - 200 g/L KitH1 - 350 mg/LMg2+EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ; 242.1/2 1 - 100 g/L Kit 10 - 4,000 mg/LMn2+EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ243.1/.2 SM 3120 B 0.1 - 1.0 g/L Spec/kit 0 - 0.7/ 0 - 3 mg/LCH4,C2H4,C2H6EPA 8015B ModifiedJ; RSK-175L10 - 100 g/LDissolved H2EPA NRMRL Ada OK methodCO2SM 4500-CO2GSp
24、ec/KitH10 - 1000 mg/L/10 - 100 mg/LVolatile fatty acid SM 5560-Organic SM 4500-S2-G1 - 20 mg/LTOC EPA 415.1/415.2F; SM 5310G50 g/L - 10 mg/LBOD5 day EPA 405.1F; SM 5210GTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) SM - 2540 DG; 160.2COD SM 5220G; 410.1/2/3/4DOC SM 5210 BOil/grease SM 5220G; 431.1/2Bacteria Count SM
25、 9000GAThis table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency Technical Support ProjectEngineering Forum.BEstimated sensitivity and detection ranges are method/kit specific. Consult
26、 the method or manufacturers catalogs for details.CSpectrometers and meters are instruments that can be used to analyze for many parameters. Kits cost much less, but usually analyze for only one parameter. Thereare many manufacturers of field test equipment.DUSEPA 600/4-84-017, The Determination of
27、Inorganic Anions in Water by Ion Chromatography, March 1984.EParameters that should be analyzed in the field.FUSEPA 600/4-79/020, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, March 1983.GAmerican Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edit
28、ion, January 1999.HUse of test kitsGuide D 5463.IUse Nernst equation to check ORP field data.JUSEPA SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods, 3rd Edition, Updates I, IIA, IIB, III, IIIA, IVA, and IVB.KA USGS method for ferrous iron analysis.LAnalysis of Dissolved M
29、ethane, Ethane, and Ethylene in Ground Water by a Standard Gas Chromatohraphic Technique, developed by USEPA National RiskManagement Laboratory, Ada, OK.D72940644.5 Tables 3 and 4 list laboratory and field methods foranalyzing this data. More than one analytical method may belisted. The most suitabl
30、e method must be chosen for eachapplication.4.6 This guide does not address sampling for contaminantsand sampling locations. See EM 200-1-2 Technical ProjectPlanning (TPP) under Engineering Manuals5for informationon sampling contaminants of concern. It is recommended thatthe treatment process design
31、 sampling be coordinated with thesampling for chemicals of concern to minimize duplicatesampling and trips to the site.4.7 This guide does not address physical and chemicalproperties related to contaminant transport. This is addressed inGuide D 5730.4.8 This guide does not address why the data is ne
32、eded toevaluate each treatment technology. This information is ad-dressed in the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable(FRTF) site at http:/www.frtr.gov in the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers guidance documents at http:/www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/ and the United Facilities Guide Specificati
33、ons(UFGS) available at http:/www.ccb.org/.4.9 This guide does not address Quality Assurance/ QualityControl (QA/QC) or sampling design strategy. See U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers Engineering Regulation ER 1110-1-263and Engineering Manual EM 200-1-35for information onQA/QC. This needs to be addressed i
34、n the Quality AssuranceProject Plan (QAPP).5. Keywords5.1 analysis; environmental assessment; hazardous waste;remediation; sampling; solid waste5United States Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Project Planning (TPP)Processes, Engineering ManualEM 200-1-2, Publications of the Headquarters,available
35、at http:/www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/D7294065APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. Example ApplicationX1.1 Knowing what data to collect relevant to treatmentprocess design is an iterative process. Site history and otherearly information gathered at the site, and sampling forchemicals of conce
36、rn and analysis from the contaminated sitecombined with professional judgment should provide ideas asto the contaminants of concern at the site. This informationcombined with the information in the references listed in 4.8can be used to develop a list of remedial treatment processesthat may be appli
37、cable to this contaminated site. Tables 1 and2 can then be used to determine the treatment process designdata that should be collected at the site to evaluate which of theapplicable treatment process or processes are best for this site.These data is marked with an “X”. More extensive data areneeded
38、to design the selected treatment process. These data aremarked with an “O”.X1.2 An example use of this data is in evaluating activatedcarbon adsorption as a treatment process for removal ofvolatile organic contaminants (VOCs) from ground water. It isimportant to know the concentration of iron and ca
39、lcium in theground water, because these chemicals can foul and plug anactivated carbon adsorption unit.X1.3 The number of treatment process design data samplestaken for analysis during the initial field sampling eventsshould be kept to a minimum to save time and costs. Data thatcan be used as estima
40、tes for other parameters should becollected. For example, the humic content of the soil may berequired for the final design of the selected process. TotalOrganic Carbon (TOC) soil analysis estimated by the Walkley-Black method is recommend in Tables 1 and 2 instead ofTABLE 4 Soil, Sediment and Sludg
41、e Analytical MethodsParameter Analytical MethodA,B,CField Test Kit MethodReactivity SW Chapter 7.3Atterberg Limits Test Method D 4943Specific Heat Test Method D 4611Soil Fusion Temperature Test Method E 953Moisture Content Test Methods D 2216, D 6836Cation Exch. Cap. (CEC) SW 9080/9081 Soil test kit
42、DBulk Density Test Method D 4564Soil pH Test Method D 4972; SW 9045C Soil test kitDTOC (soil) Walkley-Black; SW 9060 modifiedField Capacity Test Method D 2325, Test Method D 3152Halogen Content (Fluoride,Chloride) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000AEFe SW 7380 / 7381 / 6010B / 6020AE,FMn SW 7460/7461/6010B/602
43、0A/7000AE,FLow Volatile Metals (Sb,As, Be,Cr, Na, K) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000AE,FSemi Volatile Metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000AE,FHg SW 7471APhosphorous (total) SW 6010BESoil test kitDParticle Size Analysis Test Method D 422-63Nitrate, Nitrite SW 9210 Soil test kitDSoil Permeability Test
44、Method D 2434, Test Methods D 5084GHumic ContentHOil and Grease SW 9071B Test Method D 3921Alkalinity SM 4500-CO2 B Test Methods D 1067Kjeldahl Nitrogen SM 4500-N, EPA 351.2 with acid dig.ISpecification D 3590Potassium SW 6010B, 6020, 7000AESoil test kitDSoil Oxygen Field instrument with probe Field
45、 instrument or detector tube withprobe-tube and hand sample pumpSoil CO2Detector tubes Field detector tubes with probe-tube andhand sampling pumpThermal Conductivity Test Method D 5334Capillary Pressure Test Methods D 6836Na, Ca, Mg SW 6010B/6020ASulfate SW 9035,9036,9038,9056Sulfur Method 0016 in 4
46、0 CFR Part 60, Appendix ACommonly done following TOC high temperature methodsAStandard Methods (SM) for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992.BExcept for soil oxygen and soil CO2, soil samples can be analyzed in an off-site laboratory.CTest Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, P
47、hysical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).DField test kits are often available that test for multiple parameters. There are several manufacturers of field soil test kits.ESample digestion required prior to analysis - see water parameters table.FThese metals can also be analyzed by Atomic Adsorption.GScreeni
48、ng level.HEstimate with Walkley-Black TOC and subtract other substances included in the TOC analysis.IUSEPA/600/4-79/020, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, March 1983.D7294066Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Dissolved Organic Car-bon (DOC), as it is fairly easy to obtain and should p
49、rovide anestimate of humic content and other organic chemical materi-als. Nitrogen is a nutrient needed for biological treatmentprocesses. The Kjeldahl Method measures much of the nitro-gen in the soil and water with the exception nitrate (NO3-) andnitrite (NO2-). Nitrate and nitrite should be measured if in situreductive dechlorination is being considered. Phosphorous isalso a needed nutrient for biological treatment processes. Totalphosphorous analysis in water and available phosphorous insoil are good estimators of phosphorous. For metals, considerhaving a
