1、Designation: D7294 06D7294 13Standard Guide forCollecting Treatment Process Design Data at aContaminated SiteA Site Contaminated With Chemicals ofInterest1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatment processes design data
3、needed to evaluate, select, and design treatmentprocesses for remediation of contaminated sites. This data is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Much of these data can be obtained andanalyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conducting environmental
4、site assessments and Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this
5、standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1293 Test Methods f
6、or pH of WaterD1498 Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of WaterD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2325 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships for Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-Plate Apparatus(Withdra
7、wn 2007)3D2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head)D3152 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships for Fine-Textured Soils by Pressure-MembraneApparatus (Withdrawn2007)3D3590 Test Methods for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in WaterD3921 Test Method For Oil and Grease and Pe
8、troleum Hydrocarbons in Water (Withdrawn 2013)3D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD4564 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sleeve Method (Withdrawn 2013)3D4611 Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and SoilD4943 Test Method for Shrinkag
9、e Factors of Soils by the Wax MethodD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible WallPermeameterD5334 Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Pr
10、ocedureD5463 Guide for Use of Test Kits to Measure Inorganic Constituents in Water1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Planning forSampling.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006Sept. 1, 2013. Pu
11、blished November 2006September 2013. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 asD7294 06. DOI: 10.1520/D7294-06. 10.1520/D7294-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
12、M Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wh
13、at changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered th
14、e official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Water ParametersATechnologyBDO(field)T emperature(field)T otalSuspendedSolids(TSS)T urbidityCCO2H 2SDissolvedH 2Methane,EthaneandEthenepH(field)ORP(field)Chlo
15、ride(Cl-)Fluoride(Fl-)Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Na+ ,K+DT OC COD DOC T otalDissolvedSolids(TDS)AlkalinityHCO3-, CO3-2Conductivity(field)EV olatileFattyAcidsBiologicalOxygenDemand(5-dayBOD)Oil/Grease Ammonia(NH3 )Phosphorous(total)FerrousIronFe+2FT otalIronFe+2+ Fe+3DSulfate/sulfite(SO4 =/SO3 =)Nitrate/nitri
16、te(NO3 -/NO2 -)KjeldahlNitrogenSieveAnalysisGIN SITU TREATMENTPhytoremediationH X X X X X O O X O O O XPermeable Reactive Barriers X X O X O X X O O X X O X X O X X O O XMonitored Natural Attenuation X X X O O O X X X X X O X O O X X X O XEnhanced Bioremediation X X X O O O O X X X X O X O O X X X O
17、 XAir Sparging X X X O X X X O O X X O O X O O O XHot Water or Steam Flush/Strip See Soil, Sediment assessment; environmental assessment; environmental; hazardous waste; remediation; sampling; solid wastewaste;wastewater4 Available at http:/www.frtr.gov5 Available at http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/inde
18、x.html6 United States Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Project Planning (TPP) Processes, Engineering ManualEM 200-1-2, Publications of the Headquarters, available athttp:/www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/http:/www.usace.army.mil/D7294 138TABLE 3 Water Analytical MethodsAParameters Laboratory Met
19、hods Detection RangeB Field Test MethodsMeter/KitC Detection RangeBpHD,E EPA 150.1/150.2F ; SM 4500-H+G ;Test Methods D12930 - 14 pH units MeterHORPD,E,I SM 2580G ; Practice D1498 MeterTemperatureD,E EPA 170.1F ; SM 2550G 0 - 100CDissolved Oxygen (DO)D,E EPA 360.1F ; SM 4500-OG 360.2 0 - 20 mg/L Spe
20、ctrophotometer(spec)/MeterH1 - 10 mg/LConductivityD,E EPA 120.1F ; SM 2510G 1 - 1,000 S/cm Meter 200 mSTurbidityD,E EPA 180.1F 0 - 40 NTU Spec/Meter 0 - 4,400 NTU/0.1 - 100 NTUTotal dissolved solids EPA 160.1F 10 - 20,000 mg/L Meter 0 - 200 mg/LAmmonia EPA 350.1/350.2/350.3F ; SM 4500-NH3G0.01 - 2.0
21、 mg/L Spec/KitH 0 - 2.5 mg/LKjeldahl (TKN) EPA 351.1/351.2/351.3/ 351.4F ; SM4500-NorgG0.05 - 2.0 mg/L Spec/Kit 1 - 150 mg/LAnionsF 0013Belectrode- EPA 340.1/340.2/340.3F ; SM 4500-F-G 03000.1 - 1,000 mg/L Spec/Kit 0 - 2 mg/L/0 - 2 mg/LCl- EPA 325.1/325.2/325.3F ; SM 4500Cl-G 03001 - 200 mg/L Spec/K
22、it 0-20/5-400NO3- EPA 352.1F ; SM 4500-NO3-G ; TestMethod D4327 03000.1 - 2 mg/L as N Spec/KitH 0 - 30/0 - 10 mg/LNO3- EPA 352.1F ; SM 4500-NO3-G ; TestMethod D43270.1 - 2 mg/L as N Spec/KitH 0 - 30/0 - 10 mg/LNO2- EPA 354.1F ; SM 4500-NO2-G 0300 0.01 - 1.0 mg/L as N Spec/KitH 0 - 0.3/0 - 1.0 mg/LSO
23、42- EPA 375.1/375.2/375.3/ 375.4F ; SM4500-SO42-G ;Test Method D4327 03003 - 400 mg/L Spec/KitH 0 - 70/50 - 200 mg/LSO3- SM 4500-SO3-BG . EPA 377.1J KitAlkalinity (HCO3-, CO32-) EPA 310.1/310.2F ; SM 2320G 10 - 200 mg/L as CaCO3 KitH 10 - 4,000 mg/LPhosphorus (Total) EPA 365.4 0.01 - 20 mg/L Spec/Ki
24、tH 0 - 3.5/0 - 5 mg/LCationsFe2+E USGS 1-1388-78K Spec/KitH 0 - 3/0 - 10 mg/LFe total (Fe2+ and Fe3+) EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ 236.1/.2 5 - 40 g/L Spec/KitH 0 - 3/0 - 10 mg/LFe total (Fe2+ and Fe3+) EPA 6010C/6020/7000BJ 236.1/.2 5 - 40 g/L Spec/KitH 0 - 3/0 - 10 mg/LK+ EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ ; 258.1 10
25、 - 200 g/L Spec 0 - 7 mg/LK+ EPA 6010C/6020/7000BJ ; 258.1 10 - 200 g/L Spec 0 - 7 mg/LNa+ EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ ; 273.1/2 1 - 200 g/L Meter 0 - satNa+ EPA 6010C/6020/7000BJ ; 273.1/2 1 - 200 g/L Meter 0 - satCa2+ EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ ; 215.1/2 50 - 200 g/L KitH 1 - 350 mg/LCa2+ EPA 6010C/6020/7000
26、BJ ; 215.1/2 50 - 200 g/L KitH 1 - 350 mg/LMg2+ EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ ; 242.1/2 1 - 100 g/L Kit 10 - 4,000 mg/LMg2+ EPA 6010C/6020/7000AJ ; 242.1/2 1 - 100 g/L Kit 10 - 4,000 mg/LMn2+ EPA 6010B/6020/7000AJ 243.1/.2SM 3120 B0.1 - 1.0 g/L Spec/kit 0 - 0.7/ 0 - 3 mg/LMn2+ EPA 6010C/6020/7000BJ 243.1/.2
27、SM 3120 B0.1 - 1.0 g/L Spec/kit 0 - 0.7/ 0 - 3 mg/LCH4, C2H4, C2H6 EPA 8015B ModifiedJ ; RSK-175L 10 - 100 g/LCH4, C2H4, C2H6 EPA 8015D ModifiedJ ; RSK-175L 10 - 100 g/LDissolved H2 EPA NRMRL Ada OK methodCO2 SM 4500-CO2G Spec/KitH 10 - 1000 mg/L/10 - 100 mg/LVolatile fatty acid SM 5560-Organic SM 4
28、500-S2-G 1 - 20 mg/LTOC EPA 415.1/415.2F ; SM 5310G 50 g/L - 10 mg/LTOC EPA 415.1/415.2F ; SM 5310BG 50 g/L - 10 mg/LBOD5 day EPA 405.1F ; SM 5210GBOD5 day EPA 405.1F ; SM 5210BGTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) SM - 2540 DG ; 160.2COD SM 5220G ; 410.1/2/3/4DOC SM 5210 BOil/grease SM 5220G ; 431.1/2Oil/g
29、rease SM 5220BG ; 431.1/2Bacteria Count SM 9000GA This table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Technical Support ProjectEngineering Forum.Additional information and methods
30、 can be found in 40 CFR 136, EPASW846, and Standard Methodsfor Evaluation of Water and Wastewater, most current edition.B Estimated sensitivity and detection ranges are method/kit specific. Detection ranges are estimates. Verify these methods are suitable for the samples at this site. Consultthe met
31、hod or manufacturers catalogs for details.C Spectrometers and meters are instruments that can be used to analyze for many parameters. Kits cost much less, but usually analyze for only one parameter. Thereare many manufacturers of field test equipment. Verify that the field methods are applicable to
32、the medium at this site.D USEPA 600/4-84-017, The Determination of Inorganic Anions in Water by Ion Chromatography, March 1984.E Parameters that should be analyzed in the field.F USEPA 600/4-79/020, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, March 1983.G American Public Health Association, S
33、tandard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,Wastewater. 20th Edition, January 1999.Use the most recentlypublished methods.H Use of test kitsGuide D5463.I Use Nernst equation to check ORP field data.J USEPA SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods, 3
34、rd Edition, Updates I, IIA, IIB, III, IIIA, IVA, and IVB.D7294 139K A USGS method for ferrous iron analysis.L Analysis of Dissolved Methane, Ethane, and Ethylene in Ground Water by a Standard Gas Chromatohraphic Technique, developed by USEPANational Risk ManagementLaboratory, Ada, OK.TABLE 4 Soil, S
35、ediment and Sludge Analytical MethodsParameter Analytical MethodA,B,C Field Test Kit MethodReactivity SW Chapter 7.3Atterberg Limits Test Method D4943Specific Heat Test Method D4611Soil Fusion Temperature Test Method E953Moisture Content Test Methods D2216, D6836Cation Exch. Cap. (CEC) SW 9080/9081
36、Soil test kitDBulk Density Test Method D4564Soil pH Test Method D4972; SW 9045C Soil test kitDTOC (soil) Walkley-Black; SW 9060 modifiedField Capacity Test Method D2325, Test Method D3152Field Capacity Test Method D6836Halogen Content (Fluoride,Chloride) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000AEFe SW 7380 / 7381 /
37、6010B / 6020AE,FMn SW 7460/7461/6010B/6020A/7000AE,FMn SW 7460/7461/6010B/6020A/7000BE,FLow Volatile Metals (Sb,As, Be,Cr, Na, K) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000AE,FLow Volatile Metals (Sb,As, Be,Cr, Na, K) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000BE,FSemi Volatile Metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000AE,F Hg SW 7471AS
38、emi Volatile Metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) SW 6010B / 6020A / 7000BE,F Hg SW 7471APhosphorous (total) SW 6010BE Soil test kitDParticle Size Analysis Test Method D422-63Particle Size Analysis Test Method D422Nitrate, Nitrite SW 9210 Soil test kitDSoil Permeability Test Method D2434, Test Methods D5084GHumic Co
39、ntent HOil and Grease SW 9071B Test Method D3921Alkalinity SM 4500-CO2 B Test Methods D1067Kjeldahl Nitrogen SM 4500-N, EPA 351.2 with acid dig.I Specification D3590Potassium SW 6010B, 6020, 7000AE Soil test kitDSoil Oxygen Field instrument with probe Field instrument or detector tube withprobe-tube
40、 and hand sample pumpSoil CO2 Detector tubes Field detector tubes with probe-tube andhand sampling pumpThermal Conductivity Test Method D5334Capillary Pressure Test Methods D6836Na, Ca, Mg SW 6010B/6020ASulfate SW 9035,9036,9038,9056Sulfur Method 0016 in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix ACommonly done follo
41、wing TOC high temperature methodsA Standard Methods (SM) for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992.B Except for soil oxygen and soil CO2, soil samples can be analyzed in an off-site laboratory.C Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).D Field
42、 test kits are often available that test for multiple parameters. There are several manufacturers of field soil test kits.E Sample digestion required prior to analysis - see water parameters table.F These metals can also be analyzed by Atomic Adsorption.G Screening level.H Estimate with Walkley-Blac
43、k TOC and subtract other substances included in the TOC analysis.I USEPA/600/4-79/020, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, March 1983.D7294 1310APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. Example ApplicationEXAMPLE APPLICATIONX1.1 Knowing what data to collect relevant to treatment process d
44、esign is an iterative process. Site history and other earlyinformation gathered at the site, and sampling for chemicals of concern and analysis from the contaminated site combined withprofessional judgment should provide ideas as to the contaminants of concern at the site. This information combined
45、with theinformation in the references listed in 4.8 can be used to develop a list of remedial treatment processes that may be applicable tothis contaminated site. Tables 1 and 2 can then be used to determine the treatment process design data that should be collected atthe site to evaluate which of t
46、he applicable treatment process or processes are best for this site. These data isare marked with an“X”.“X.” More extensive data are needed to design the selected treatment process. These data are marked with an “O”.“O.”X1.2 An example use of this data is in evaluating activated carbon adsorption as
47、 a treatment process for removal of volatileorganic contaminants (VOCs) from ground water. It is important to know the concentration of iron and calcium in the groundwater, because these chemicals can foul and plug an activated carbon adsorption unit.X1.3 The number of treatment process design data
48、samples taken for analysis during the initial field sampling events should bekept to a minimum to save time and costs. Data that can be used as estimates for other parameters should be collected. For example,the humic content of the soil may be required for the final design of the selected process.
49、Total Organic Carbon (TOC) soil analysisestimated by theWalkley-Black method is recommend in Tables 1 and 2 instead of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or DissolvedOrganic Carbon (DOC), as it is fairly easy to obtain and should provide an estimate of humic content and other organic chemicalmaterials. Nitrogen is a nutrient needed for biological treatment processes. The Kjeldahl Method measures much of the nitrogenin the soil and water with the exception nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-). Nitrate and nitrite should be measured if in situ reductivedechlo
