1、Designation:D731507aD731512 Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D7315; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water. Static refers to a sample that is
3、removed from its source and tested in an isolated instrument. (See Section 4.) 1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities greater than 1.0 turbidity unit (TU). The upper end of the measurementrangewasleftundenedbecausedifferenttechnologiesdescribedinthistestmethodcancoverve
4、rydifferentranges. The round robin study covered the range of 04000 turbidity units because instrument verication in this range can typically be covered by standards that can be consistently reproduced. 1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numericall
5、y equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a dened value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. 1.3.1 In this test method calibration standards are often de
6、ned in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth. 1.4 This test method does not purport to cover all available technologies for high-level turbidity measurement. 1
7、.5 This test method was tested on different natural waters and wastewater, and with standards that will serve as surrogates to samples. It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices. 1.6 Dependingontheconstituentswithinahigh-levelsample,the
8、proposedsamplepreparationandmeasurementmethodsmay or may not be applicable. Those samples with the highest particle densities typically prove to be the most difficult to measure. In these cases, and alternative measurement method such as the process monitoring method can be considered. 1.7 This stan
9、dard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to the MSDSs for all
10、chemicals used in this procedure. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D1129Terminology Relating to Water D1193Specication for Reagent Water D1889Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn 2007) 3 D2777Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committ
11、ee D19 on Water D4411Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion D5847Practice for Writing Quality Control Specications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis D6855Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to De
12、termine the Precision of a Test Method 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow. Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007June 1, 2012. Published August 2007 June
13、2012. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D731507.D731507A. DOI: 10.1520/D7315-07A.10.1520/D7315-12. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume information, refer t
14、o the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previ
15、ous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. Copyright ASTM
16、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States 1TABLE 1 Summary of Known Instrument Designs, Applications, Ranges, and Reporting Units Design and Reporting Unit ProminentApplication Key Design Features Typical Instrument Range Suggested Application
17、Ranges Nephelometric non-ratio (NTU) White light turbidimeters. Comply with USEPAMethod 180.1 for low level turbidity monitoring. Detector centered at 90 relative to the incident light beam. Uses a white light spectral source. 0.040 0.040 Regulatory Ratio White Light turbidimeters (NTRU) Complies wi
18、th ISWTR regulations and Standard Method 2130B. Can be used for both low and high level measurement. Used a white light spectral source. Primary detector centered at 90. Other detectors located at other angles.An instrument algorithm uses a combination of detector readings to generate the turbidity
19、reading. 010000 040 Regulatory 010000 other Nephelometric, near-IR turbidimeters, non-ratiometric (FNU) Complies with ISO 7027. The wavelength is less susceptible to color interferences.Applicable for samples with color and good for low level monitoring. Detector centered at 90 relative to the incid
20、ent light beam. Uses a near-IR (780900 nm) monochromatic light source. 01000 040 Regulatory (non- US) 01000 other Nephelometric near-IR turbidimeters, ratio metric (FNRU) Complies with ISO 7027. Applicable for samples with high levels of color and for monitoring to high turbidity levels. Uses a near
21、-IR monochromatic light source (780900 nm). Primary detector centered at 90. Other detectors located at other angles.An instrument algorithm uses a combination of detector readings to generate the turbidity reading. 010000 040 Regulatory 010000 other Surface Scatter Turbidimeters (NTU) Turbidity is
22、determined through light scatter from or near the surface of a sample. Detector centered at 90 relative to the incident light beam. Uses a white light spectral source. 1010000 1010000 Formazin Back Scatter (FBU) Not applicable for regulatory purposes. Best applied to high turbidity samples. Backscat
23、ter is common with but not all only probe technology and is best applied in higher turbidity samples. Uses a near-IR monochromatic light source in the 780900 nm range. Detector geometry is 90 relative to the incident light beam. 10010000+ 10010000 Formazin Back Scatter (FBU) Not applicable for regul
24、atory purposes. Best applied to high turbidity samples. Backscatter is common with but not all only probe technology and is best applied in higher turbidity samples. Uses a near-IR monochromatic light source in the 780900 nm range. Detector geometry is between 90 and 180 relative to the incident lig
25、ht beam. 10010000+ 10010000 Backscatter Unit (BU) Not applicable for regulatory purposes. Best applied for samples with high level turbidity. Uses a white light spectral source (400680 nm range). Detector geometry is 90 relative to the incident light beam. 1010000+ 10010000+ Backscatter Unit (BU) No
26、t applicable for regulatory purposes. Best applied for samples with high level turbidity. Uses a white light spectral source (400680 nm range). Detector geometry is between 90 and 180 relative to the incident light beam. 1010000+ 10010000+ Formazin attenuation unit (FAU) May be applicable for some r
27、egulatory purposes. This is commonly applied with spectrophotometers. Best applied for samples with high level turbidity. Detector is geometrically centered at 180 relative to incident beam (attenuation). Wavelength is 780900 nm. 201000 201000 Regulatory Formazin attenuation unit (FAU) May be applic
28、able for some regulatory purposes. This is commonly applied with spectrophotometers. Best applied for samples with high level turbidity. Detector is geometrically centered at 0 relative to incident beam (attenuation). Wavelength is 780900 nm. 201000 201000 Regulatory Light attenuation unit (AU) Not
29、applicable for some regulatory purposes. This is commonly applied with spectrophotometers. Detector is geometrically centered at 180 relative to incident beam (attenuation). Wavelength is 400680 nm. 201000 201000 Light attenuation unit (AU) Not applicable for some regulatory purposes. This is common
30、ly applied with spectrophotometers. Detector is geometrically centered at 0 relative to incident beam (attenuation). Wavelength is 400680 nm. 201000 201000 D731512 22.2 Other Referenced Standards: USEPA Method 180.1Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, Turbidity 4 ISO 7027Water QualityD
31、etermination of Turbidity 5 United States Geological Survey (USGS)National Field Manual for the Collection of Water Quality Data 6 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsFor denitions of terms used in this test method refer to Terminology D1129. 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 turbiditytu
32、rbidity, nanAn expression of the optical properties of a sample that causes light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. Turbidity of water is caused by the presence of suspended and dissolved matter such as clay, silt, nely divided organic ma
33、tter, plankton, other microscopic organisms, organic acids, and dyes. 3.2.1.1 Discussion turbidity of water is caused by the presence of matter such as clay, silt, nely divided organic matter, plankton, other microscopic organisms, organic acids, and dyes. 3.2.2 turbidimeterturbidimeter, nanAn instr
34、ument that measures light scatter, attenuation, or both in scatter,caused by particulateswithinasampleandquantitativelyconvertsthelightscatter,theattenuation,orbothmeasurementtoadisplayedvalue. Thelocationandtypeandnumberofdetectorsusedwilldictatetherelativesensitivityforatypicaltechnology.Seeturbid
35、ityvalue. Table 1 for examples of designs. 3.2.2.1 Discussion the detected light is quantitatively converted to a numeric value that is traced to a light-scatter standard. See Table 1 for examples of designs. 3.2.3 reference turbidity standardstandard, naAstandard that is synthesized reproducibly fr
36、om traceable raw materials by askilledanalyst.Allotherstandardsaretracedbacktothisstandard.Thereferencestandardforturbidityisformazin(seetheuser. 9.2.2). 3.2.3.1 Discussion all other standards are traced back to this standard. The reference standard for turbidity is formazin (see 9.2.2). 3.2.4 calib
37、ration turbidity standardstandard, naA turbidity standard that is traceable and equivalent to the reference turbidity standard to within dened accuracy, including statistical errors; calibration turbidity standards include commercially prepared 4000 NTU Formazin, stabilized formazin (see 9.2.3), and
38、 styrenedivinylbenzene (SDVB) (see 9.2.4). These standards may be used to calibrate the instrument. 4 Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAssociation (EPA),Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 PennsylvaniaAve., NW,Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov. 5 Available from International Organizatio
39、n for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch. 6 Available from United Stated Geological Survey (USGS), 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, http:/www.usgs.gov. Design and Reporting Unit ProminentApplication Key Design Featu
40、res Typical Instrument Range Suggested Application Ranges Nephelometric Turbidity Multibeam Unit (NTMU) Is applicable to EPAregulatory method GLI Method 2.Applicable to drinking water and wastewater monitoring applications. Detectors are geometrically centered at 90 and 180.An instrument algorithm u
41、ses a combination of detector readings, which may differ for turbidities varying magnitude. 0.024000 040 Regulatory 04000 other Nephelometric Turbidity Multibeam Unit (NTMU) Is applicable to EPAregulatory method GLI Method 2.Applicable to drinking water and wastewater monitoring applications. Detect
42、ors are geometrically centered at 0 and 90.An instrument algorithm uses a combination of detector readings, which may differ for turbidities varying magnitude. 0.024000 040 Regulatory 04000 other D731512 33.2.4.1 Discussion these standards may be used to calibrate the instrument. NOTE 1Calibration s
43、tandards may be instrument design specic. NOTE 2Calibration standards that exceed 10000 turbidity units are commercially available. 3.2.5 calibration verication standardsstandards, ndenedDened standards used to verify the instrument performance accuracy of a calibration in the measurement range of i
44、nterest. Calibration verication standards may not be used to adjust instrument calibration, but only to check that the instrument measurements are in the expected range. Included standards are opto-mechanical light scatter devices, gel-like standards, or any other type of stable liquid standard. 3.2
45、.5.1 Discussion these standards may not be used to perform calibrations, only calibration verications. Included standards are opto-mechanical light scatter devices, gel-like standards, or any other type of stable liquid standard. NOTE 3Calibration verication standards may be instrument design specic
46、. 3.2.6 nephelometricturbiditymeasurementmeasurement,ntheThemeasurementoflightscatterfromasampleinadirection that is at 90 with respect to the centerline of the incident light path. Units are NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units); when ISO7027 technology is employed units are in FNU (Formazin Nephelom
47、etric Units). 3.2.6.1 Discussion units are NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). When ISO7027 technology is employed units are in FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units). 3.2.7 ratio turbidity measurementmeasurement, ntheThe measurement derived through the use of a nephelometric detector that serves as th
48、e primary detector and one or more other detectors used to compensate for variation in incident light uctuation, stray light, instrument noise, or sample color. 3.2.8 stray lightlight, nallAll light reaching the detector other than that which is scattered by the sample. For example: ambient light le
49、akage, internal reections and divergent light in optical systems. For this test method stray light is likely to be negligible. The instrument design is intended to reduce or eliminate stray light. 3.2.8.1 Discussion for example: ambient light leakage, internal reections and divergent light in optical systems. For this test method stray light is likely to be negligible. The instrument design is intended to reduce or eliminate stray light. 3.2.9 seasoningseasonin
