1、Designation: D7352 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forDirect Push Technology for Volatile Contaminant Loggingwith the Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7352; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard practice describes a method for rapiddelineation of volatil
3、e organic contaminants (VOC) in thesubsurface using a membrane interface probe. Logging withthe membrane interface probe is usually performed with directpush equipment.1.2 This standard practice describes how to obtain a realtime vertical log of volatile organic contaminants with depth.The data obta
4、ined is indicative of the total volatile organiccontaminant concentration in the subsurface at depth.1.3 Other sensors, such as electrical conductivity, fluores-cence detectors, and cone penetration tools may be included toprovide additional information. The use of a lithologic loggingtool is highly
5、 recommended to define hydrostratigraphicconditions, such as migration pathways, and to guide confir-mation sampling.1.4 LimitationsThe MIP system does not provide speci-ficity of analytes. This tool is to be used as a total volatileorganic contaminant-screening tool. Soil and/or water sam-pling (Gu
6、ides D6001, D6282, D6724, and Practice D6725)must be performed to identify specific analytes and exactconcentrations. Only VOCs are detected by the MIP system inthe subsurface. Detection limits are subject to the selectivity ofthe gas phase detector applied and characteristics of theformation being
7、penetrated (for example, clay and organiccarbon content).1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may
8、be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without the considerationof a projects many unique aspects. The word “standard” i
9、n thetitle means that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
10、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells,Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and OtherDevices for Environm
11、ental ActivitiesD6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD6724 Guide for Installation of Direct Push GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD6725 Practice for Direct Push Installatio
12、n of PrepackedScreen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated AquifersE355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relation-ships3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used within this practice is in accordancewith Terminology D653 with the addition of the following:3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 carry overretention of c
13、ontaminant in the membraneand trunkline which may result in false positive results or anincreased detector baseline at subsequent depth intervals.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andV
14、adose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D735207. DOI:10.1520/D7352-07R12.2The Membrane Interface Probe is covered by a patent. Interested parties areinvited to submit information
15、regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to thispatented item to the ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive carefulconsideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you mayattend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
16、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 closed couple flowgas f
17、low in the MIP system whena probe is detached and the gas lines are coupled together. Theflow is then measured with a gas flow meter on the returntubing before entering the gas phase detectors. Used to verifycontinuity of gas flow in the MIP system.3.2.3 gas dryera selectively permeable membrane tub
18、ing(Nafion) is used to continuously dry the MIP carrier gasstream by removing only water vapor.3.2.4 gas phase detectorsheated laboratory grade detec-tors used for gas chromatography (Practice E355). Gas effluentfrom the MIP flows through these detectors for the analysis ofVOC compounds. Detectors m
19、ost often used with the MIPinclude photoionization detector (PID), flameionization detec-tor (FID), and an electron capture detector (ECD).3.2.5 membrane interface probe (MIP)a subsurface log-ging tool for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).3.2.6 response testa test of the working MIP sy
20、stemperformed by placing the MIP probe in an aqueous phasesolution with a known contaminant of known concentration.Performed before each MIPlog is conducted and one at the endof the working day to validate the MIP system performance.Also used to compare data from individual locations.3.2.7 triggerme
21、chanical interface between the operatorand instrumentation to initiate or terminate data collection.3.2.8 trip timethe time required for a contaminant topenetrate the semi-permeable membrane and travel to the gasphase detectors at the surface through a fixed length of tubing.3.2.9 trunklineplastic o
22、r metal jacketed cord containingelectrical wires for the heaters in the probe block, electricalwires for other sensors, and tubing for the transport of carriergas and the contaminant to the surface and detectors.3.2.10 working standarda chemical standard used in re-sponse testing the MIP system. Thi
23、s standard is a dilutedconcentration of an analyte stock standard, used for oneapplication and then properly disposed.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes the field method for delineationof volatile organic contaminants with depth via the MembraneInterface Probe (MIP). The MIP is a cont
24、inuously samplingtool advanced through the soil using a direct push machine forthe purpose of logging contaminant and lithologic data in realtime (1, 2).44.2 A semipermeable membrane on the probe is heated to atemperature of 100 to 120C. Clean carrier gas is circulatedacross the internal surface of
25、the membrane carrying volatileorganic contaminants, which have diffused (3) through themembrane, to the surface for analysis by gas phase detectors.5. Significance and Use5.1 The MIP system provides a timely and cost effectiveway (4) for delineation of volatile organic contaminants (forexample, benz
26、ene, toluene, solvents, trichloroethylene, tetra-chloroethylene) with depth (5, 6). Recent investigation (2) hasfound the MIP can be effective in locating zones where densenonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) may be present. MIPprovides real-time measurement for optimizing selection ofsample locations w
27、hen using a dynamic work plan. By identi-fying the depth at which a contaminant is located, a morerepresentative sample of soil or water can be collected.5.2 Correlation of a series of MIP logs across a site canprovide 2-D and 3-D definition of the contaminant plume.When lithologic logs are obtained
28、 (EC, CPT, etc.) with the MIPdata, contaminant migration pathways may be defined.5.3 The MIP logs provide a detailed record of contaminantdistribution in the saturated and unsaturated formations. Aproportion of the chlorinated and non-chlorinated volatileorganic contaminants in the sorbed, aqueous,
29、or gaseous phasespartition through the membrane for detection up hole.5.4 The data obtained from application of this practice maybe used to guide soil (Guide D6282) and groundwater sampling(Guide D6001) or placement of long-term monitoring wells(Guide D6724).5.5 MIP data can be used to optimize site
30、 remediation byknowing the depth distribution of volatile organic contami-nants. For example, materials injected for remediation areplaced at correct depths in the formation.5.6 This practice also may be used as a means of evaluatingremediation performance. MIP can provide a cost-effectiveway to mon
31、itor the progress of remediation. When properlyperformed at suitable sites, logging locations can be comparedfrom the initial investigation to the monitoring of the contami-nant under remediation conditions.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of th
32、e personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Practitioners that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D374
33、0 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 wasdeveloped for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soilsand rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agenc
34、ies performing thispractice. However, users of this practice should recognize that theframework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality ofan agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualify-ing national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practi
35、ce.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralThe following discussion provides descrip-tions and details for the Membrane Interface Probe and systemcomponents (Fig. 1). Additional details on the MIP system areavailable in the Geoprobe MIP SOP (1).6.1.1 The American Society for Testing and Materials takesno position re
36、specting the validity of any patent rights assertedin connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Usersof this standard are expressly advised that determination of thevalidity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringementof such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.6.2 Me
37、mbrane Interface ProbeThe MIP is the interfacebetween the bulk formation and the gas phase detectors up4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D7352 07 (2012)2hole. Volatile compounds outside the probe diffuse across themembrane and are swept u
38、p hole via an inert carrier gas (Fig.2).6.2.1 The membrane is set in a removable insert. It isconstructed of a polymer coating impregnated into stainlesssteel wire mesh.6.2.2 The membrane is inserted into a heater block. Theelevated temperature of the heater block is used to speed thediffusion of co
39、ntaminants out of the bulk formation andthrough the membrane. This heater block has a regulatedtemperature typically set at 100 to 120C.6.2.3 Tubing is used to supply carrier gas to the membrane.Two tubes are used: a supply tube running from the carrier gassource to the membrane and a return tube ru
40、nning from themembrane to the gas phase detectors at ground surface.6.2.4 The MIP system may be configured with a soilelectrical conductivity dipole for simultaneous collection ofgeneral lithologic data.6.2.5 The MIP probe may be coupled to a CPT probe at itslower end for simultaneous collection of
41、CPT data (Fig. 3).6.3 MIP TrunklineThis cable consists of electrical wiresfor heating the MIP heater block and supplying voltage toadditional sensors. The trunkline also contains gas lines for thetransport of VOCs from the probe to detectors up-hole. Thistrunkline is packaged in a durable, protectiv
42、e jacketing to beprestrung through steel drive rods prior to logging (Fig. 2).6.4 MIP ControllerThe MIP controller is used to controlthe flow delivered to the membrane and the voltage deliveredto the heater block and electrical conductivity dipole electrode.The primary features of the MIP controller
43、 include:6.4.1 Primary pressure regulator to control the pressure ofcarrier gas to the flow regulation circuit of the MIP controller.6.4.2 A mass flow controller is used to regulate the flow ofcarrier gas through the MIP system. Typical flow rates of 20 to60 mL/min are used in the operation of the m
44、embrane interfaceprobe.6.4.3 Temperature controller regulates the voltage suppliedto the heater block to maintain an elevated temperature in thesubsurface. The temperature controller has two outputs on anLCD. The top output is the temperature of the membrane in theheater block. The bottom output is
45、the set temperature of thecontroller; the manufacturer sets this temperature at 121C.6.4.4 Analog signal input from the detector system. Theanalog outputs from the gas phase detectors are connected tothe controller to be transferred to the data acquisition system.6.5 Data Acquisition SystemThe prima
46、ry purpose of thissystem is to save and graph data collected from the MIP probeand detector system in real time. The data saved by theacquisition system are: depth; soil electrical conductivity; rateof probe penetration into the subsurface; temperature of theprobe; pressure of the carrier gas supply
47、 at the flow controller;and four possible gas phase detector inputs. The primarycomponents of the data acquisition system include:6.5.1 Alpha/numeric keypad for entry of site locationinformation,6.5.2 Internal and/or external data storage device for trans-fer of data from acquisition system to deskt
48、op or laptopcomputers, andFIG. 1 The Primary Components of the Membrane Interface SystemD7352 07 (2012)36.5.3 Global positioning system connections for acquiringlatitude and longitude locations of logging location and storageof this data directly to the log file.6.6 Detector SystemLaboratory grade,
49、gas phase detectorsare needed for the detection of volatile organic contaminants inthe carrier gas stream. Detectors may be in a gas chromato-graph or in a stand-alone chassis. Different detectors are usedfor identification of species groups of volatile compounds, notindividual volatile compounds. Certain detectors may be oper-ated in series for the detection of different contaminant types.A brief discussion of commonly used detectors with the MIPsystem is provided.NOTE 1The schematic of the membrane interface probe depicts the movement of VOCs in the bulk f
