1、Designation: D7386 12D7386 16Standard Practice forPerformance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel DeliverySystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7386; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluating, in a laboratory, the ability of shipping units, weighing up
3、to but notexceeding 150 lb (68 kg), intended for the single parcel delivery system to withstand the hazards associated with the distributionenvironment. This is accomplished by subjecting them to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipated hazard elementsencountered in the distribution cycle
4、s. This practice is not intended to supplant material specifications or existing pre-shipment testprocedures.1.2 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardous materials has not been determined.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in par
5、entheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropr
6、iate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Containers by Spray MethodD996 Terminology of Packag
7、ing and Distribution EnvironmentsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for TestingD5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact TestingD5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock MachinesD6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and
8、Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport PackagesD6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging and distribution environments are fou
9、nd in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acceptance criteriathe acceptable quality level that must be met after the shipping unit has been subjected to the testplan. See Section 7.3.2.2 assurance levelthe level of test intensity based on its probability of occu
10、rring in a typical shipment.3.2.3 hazard elementa specific event that occurs in a shipment that may pose a hazard to a shipping unit. The element willusually be simulated by a single test schedule. See Section 9.3.2.4 shipping unitthe smallest complete unit that will be subjected to the distribution
11、 environment, for example, a shippingcontainer and its contents.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Ap
12、ril 1, 2012April 1, 2016. Published May 2012June 2016. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as D7386 08.12. DOI: 10.1520/D7386-12.10.1520/D7386-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
13、g. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit
14、may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
15、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.5 single parcel delivery systemdistribution carrier that transports packages weighing up to 150 lb through ground and/orair transport systems.3.2.6 test plana specific listing of the test sequence to be followed to simulate
16、 the hazards anticipated during the distributioncycle of a shipping unit. Included will be the test intensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See 8.1.3.2.7 test schedulethe specific procedure to be used, including the three assurance level intensities (if applicable), and areference
17、to the test method that is the basis of the schedule.3.2.8 unitizing baga bag made of a poly material, measuring approximately 39 by 27 in. (991 by 686 mm), used to containand transport several small sized packages and envelopes.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evalu
18、ation of shipping units in accordance with a uniform system, using establishedtest methods at levels representative of those occurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levels are based on availableinformation on the shipping and handling environment, and current industry/government pract
19、ice and experience. The tests shouldbe performed sequentially on the same containers in the order given. For use as a performance test, this practice requires that theshipping unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are completed. If used for other purposes, such as packagedevelopmen
20、t, it may be useful to open and inspect shipping units at various times throughout the sequence. This may, however,prohibit evaluating the influence of the container closure on container performance.5. Test Specimen5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples of complete shipping units, incl
21、uding actual contents. Products withblemishes or minor defects may be used if the defective component is not to be studied by the test and if the defect is documentedin the report. Dummy or simulated test loads are acceptable if testing the actual product might be hazardous. If a dummy load isused,
22、it should be instrumented to determine if the fragility level of the actual product has been exceeded. Take care to duplicatethe load characteristics of the actual product, and to avoid unnecessary handling.5.2 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation has occurred to either the product or th
23、e package if the test packages havebeen shipped to the test site. If any doubt exists as to the condition of the package, repack the product in new packaging materialbefore testing.5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desired objectives of the testing and the availability of duplicate
24、productsand shipping containers. Replicate testing is recommended to improve the reliability of the test results.5.4 Identification of Package Test Specimen Members:5.4.1 Small Containers Bagged for Transport by Carrier, Sacks and BagsSmall packaged products (smaller than800 in.3 (13 110 cc) and les
25、s than 10 lb (4.5 kg) and the longest dimension of the package is 14 in. (356 mm) or less) shippedthrough the single package environment are traditionally unitized with other packaged-products in transport bags by the parceldelivery carriers. The procedure for the identification of the members of pa
26、ckaged-products defined as test sample TS-1 (bagsand sacks) as shown in Fig. 1 shall be as follows:5.4.1.1 With the empty unitizing bag laying flat:(1) Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1.(2) Turn the bag over and mark the opposite face as Face 3.(3) Label the opening of the bag as Face 2.
27、(4) Label the opposite end of Face 2 as Face 4.(5) Label one of the side faces as Face 5.(6) Label the opposite side face as Face 6.5.4.1.2 Place the test specimen in the center of the unitizing bag along with the following:(1) Three express envelopes from a carrier such as USPS, FedEx, or UPS, each
28、 filled with 25 sheets of copy paper.(2) One padded mailer measuring 10.5 by 14.0 in. (267 by 356 mm) filled with 50 sheets of copy paper.FIG. 1 Members of Sacks and BagsD7386 162(3) One padded mailer measuring 12.5 by 15.0 in. (317 by 381 mm) filled with 50 sheets of copy paper.(4) One each of the
29、following box sizes in the following table are constructed from single wall 32 ECT or 200 bursting testcorrugated fiberboard, with all void space filled with paper, sand, foam, etc. to achieve the specified weight and to prevent shiftingof the dummy packages.Box Size Specified Weight8 by 5 by 2 in.
30、(203 by 127 by 51 mm) 1 lb (0.4 kg)9 by 6 by 2 in. (229 by 152 by 51 mm) 1 lb (0.4 kg)11 by 11 by 4 in. (279 by 279 by 102 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg)11 by 8 by 4 in. (279 by 203 by 102 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg)7 by 6 by 4 in. (179 by 152 by 102 mm) 4 lb (1.8 kg)12 by 12 by 3 in. (305 by 305 by 76 mm) 4 lb (1.8 kg)8
31、by 8 by 8 in. (203 by 203 by 203 mm) 10 lb (4.5 kg)6 by 6 by 6 in. (152 by 152 by 152 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg )10 by 5 by 5 in. (254 by 127 by 127 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg)5.4.2 Rectangular ContainersThe procedure for identification of the members (faces, edges, and corners) of rectangularcontainers as shown in Fi
32、g. 2 shall be as follows:5.4.2.1 Place the container in its most stable riding orientation with one of the smallest faces directly in front of the observer.5.4.2.2 Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1.5.4.2.3 Label the right side as Face 2.5.4.2.4 Label the bottom as Face 3.5.4.2.5 Label th
33、e left side as Face 4.5.4.2.6 Label the end nearest the observer as Face 5.5.4.2.7 Label the end farthest from the observer as Face 6.5.4.3 Cylindrical ContainersThe procedure for identification of the members (top, bottom, sidewall, and chimes) ofcylindrical containers as shown in Fig. 3 shall be a
34、s follows:5.4.3.1 Place the container in its intended shipping position.5.4.3.2 Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1.5.4.3.3 Turn the container over and label the opposite side (bottom) as Face 3.5.4.3.4 Draw two perpendicular lines across the diameter of the container on Faces 1 and 3. Con
35、nect the lines so there are fourequidistant lines on the sidewall of the container.5.4.3.5 Label the line to the observers right as Face 2.5.4.3.6 Label the line on the observers left as Face 4.5.4.3.7 Label the line nearest the observer as Face 5.5.4.3.8 Label the line farthest from the observer as
36、 Face 6.6. Conditioning6.1 Conduct the test at standard conditions and compensate for the effects of any climatic condition. Condition containers inaccordance with Practice D4332 and document the actual conditions used.Aconditioning period of 72 h, or sufficient time to reachequilibrium of all parts
37、 of the package and product is recommended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmospherewhenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests as soon after removal from the conditioning atmosphere as practicable.Recondition the shipping units to the standard atmosphere as necessary during
38、 the test plan.6.2 In some circumstances, it may be necessary to conduct some or all of the tests at special climatic conditions, such as thosegiven in Practice D4332, or Test Method D951, or others (salt, spray, water immersion, humidity, or temperature). The sameclimatic condition should be used f
39、or any assurance level. A conditioning period of 24 h, or sufficient time to reach equilibriumof all parts of the package and product is recommended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmosphere wheneverpossible. If not possible, conduct the tests as soon after removal from the conditioni
40、ng atmosphere as practicable. Recondition theshipping units as necessary during the test plan.7. Acceptance Criteria7.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testing and should consider the required condition of the product at receipt.The organizations conducting the test may choose any a
41、cceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable to compare theFIG. 2 Members of Rectangular ContainersD7386 163type and quantity of damage that occurred to the test specimens with the damage that occurs during actual distribution and handlingor with test results of similar containers
42、whose shipping history is known.7.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria can be the following:Criterion 1Product is damage-free.Criterion 2Package is intact.Criterion 3Both criteria 1 and 2.7.2.1 Often, this means that the shipping container and its contents are suitable for normal sale and use at
43、 the completion of thetest cycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for accepting specified damage to a product or its package. The form and contentof acceptance criteria may vary widely, in accordance with the particular situation. Methods may range from simple pass-failjudgments to highly qua
44、ntitative scoring or analysis systems.8. Hazard Elements and Test Schedules for Single Parcel Shipments8.1 The Hazard Elements and Test Schedules are categorized as follows:Schedule Hazard Element Test SectionA Handlingmanual andautomatedDrop, impact 10D Vibration Vibration andVibration under load11
45、I Impact, stability Bridged impact 12J Impact, stability Hazard impact 13K Low pressure High altitude 14L Impacts, punctures Concentrated impacts 15M Impacts Tip-over impacts 16N Drops Rotational edge drops 179. Procedure9.1 Describe shipping unit in terms of size, weight, and form of construction.
46、See 3.2.6. Use the following criteria to define thepackage test sample(s).9.1.1 Is the test specimen smaller than 800 in. 3 (13 110 cc) AND less than 10 lb (4.5 kg) AND the longest dimension of thepackage is 14 in. (356 mm) or less AND the carrier unitizes small and light shipping units in a bag wit
47、h other small and lightshipping units?9.1.1.1 If Yes, the test specimen is defined as TS-1.9.1.1.2 If No, proceed to 9.1.2.9.1.2 Is the test specimens shortest dimension 8 in. (203 mm) or less,AND the next shortest dimension is four (4) or more timeslarger than the shortest dimension AND the cubic v
48、olume of the package is more than 800 in.3 (13 110 cc)?9.1.2.1 If Yes, the test specimen is defined as TS-2.9.1.2.2 If No, proceed to 9.1.3.9.1.3 Is the test specimens longest dimension 36 in. (914 mm) or moreAND both the other dimensions are 20 % or less of thatof the longest dimension?9.1.3.1 If Y
49、es, the test specimen is defined as TS-3.9.1.3.2 If No, the test specimen is defined as TS-4.9.1.4 See flow chart in Fig. 4 for description and examples for package description and type determination.9.2 Determine Acceptance CriteriaAcceptance criteria are related to the desired condition of the product and package at theend of the distribution cycle. See Section 7.9.3 Write Test PlanPrepare a test plan by using the sequence presented in Table 1 for the test specimen defined in 8.1.9.4 Select Samples for TestSee Section 5.9.5 Condition SamplesSee Section
