1、Designation: D7387 07D7387 13Standard Test Method forVibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs)Used for Shipping Liquid Hazardous Materials (DangerousGoods)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7387; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers vibration testing of filled interme
3、diate bulk containers (IBCs) intended to contain liquid hazardousmaterials (dangerous goods) and is suitable for testing IBCs of any design or material with any means of closure. This test methodhas been used by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) to test and qualify IBCs for shippi
4、ng hazardous materials.The test method is used to determine that the IBCs maintain integrity and to prevent leakage or spillage of contents during shipping.This test method should be used as a screening tool or as a design qualification test. Other vibration methods are available to moreclosely simu
5、late vibration experienced in transportation.1.2 This test method is appropriate for testing IBCs ranging from 450 to 3000 L (119 to 793 gal). Packagings of smaller sizesshould be tested using Test Methods D999 or other applicable methods.1.3 The ISO 2247 standard may not meet the requirements for t
6、his test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard t
7、o establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD999 Test Methods
8、for Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for TestingE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average f
9、or a Characteristic of a Lot orProcess2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2247 PackagingComplete, Filled Transport PackagesVibration Test at Fixed Low Frequency2.3 Regulatory Documents:4CFR 49 United States Department of Transportation Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Transportation, Parts 1001992.4 United
10、Nations Document:5United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous GoodsModel Regulations1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance
11、Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2007Feb. 1, 2013. Published November 2007April 2013. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 asD738707. DOI: 10.1520/D7387-07.10.1520/D7387-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactAST
12、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available fr
13、om U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5 Available from United Nations, 866 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide t
14、he user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the stand
15、ard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Sp
16、ecific to This Standard:3.2.1 double amplitude, nthe maximum value of a sinusoidal quantity (peak-to-peak).3.2.2 repetitive shock, nimpacts of a package on a test platform which occur cyclically from input oscillatory motion.3.2.3 resonance, nfor the purposes of this test method, resonance is obtain
17、ed when the input a condition during a vibrationtest, when the forcing (input) frequency of the table causes excessive, violent, and uncontrollable movement of the IBC. Testingat this frequency over an extended period of time is overly severe and may cause damage and failure to the container not lik
18、elyto be experienced in transportation.equals the resonant frequency of the IBC and will produce the highest transmissibility level.NOTE 1Testing close to or at the resonant frequency of the IBC may cause excessive, violent, and uncontrollable movement of the IBC. For thismethod, testing at or near
19、the resonant frequency is overly severe and may cause damage or failure to the container not likely to be experienced intransportation.4. Significance and Use4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses when subjected to vibration present in transportation vehicles.Approximating t
20、he actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting the container(s) and contentsto vibration inputs.4.2 Resonant responses during shipment can be severe and may lead to failure of the container and spillage or leakage ofcontents. Identification of critical frequencie
21、s and the nature of package stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of theseoccurrences.4.3 This vibration test is based on methods currently used for the qualification of IBCs in CFR 49 and has demonstratedsuccessful use in transportation.4.4 Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping containe
22、r, its means of closure, and its contents. This test method allowsanalysis of the interaction of these components. Design modification to one or more of these components may be utilized to achieveoptimum performance in the shipping environment.4.5 This test method is suitable for individual filled c
23、ontainers that are transported unrestrained on the bed of a vehicle.4.6 This test method is not intended for testing intermediate bulk containers at a frequency that causes the container to go intoresonance.5. Apparatus5.1 Vertical Motion Vibration MachineThis test is to be conducted with vibration
24、test equipment that provides verticalvibration, and is capable of producing frequencies in the range of 2 to at least 5 Hz, with a fixed double amplitude displacementof 25 mm (1 in.) 6 1 mm. The test machine shall have a platform with a known mass and with a horizontal surface of sufficientstrength
25、and rigidity so that all points of the surface will follow the vertical motion of the supporting structure when loaded withthe IBC. The test surface shall protrude beyond the IBC on all sides and shall have hardness adequate for its intended use(recommend at least equal to oak wood) firmly attached
26、to a mild steel structure. The platform shall be supported by a mechanismthat moves the platform so the motion is a vertical sinusoidal input. (A rotary motion of the platform is not acceptable.) Thevibration test machine shall be equipped with fences, barricades, or other restraints to keep the IBC
27、 from falling off the platformwithout restricting its vertical motion.5.1.1 ShimA metal shim with the following specification is used in determining when the shipping container is leaving thetesting platform by a sufficient amount:5.1.1.1 Width50 mm (2.0 in.) minimum.5.1.1.2 Thickness1.6 mm (116 in.
28、).5.1.1.3 Length254 mm (10 in.) minimum.5.2 Fig. 1 shows an intermediate bulk container on a test apparatus.5.3 InstrumentationInstrumentation of the test unit and table as described below is not required but may be used to obtainadditional data.5.3.1 Accelerometers, signal conditioners, and data di
29、splay or storage devices may be used to measure and control theaccelerations at the test surface or on various locations of the intermediate bulk container to measure response. They are notrequired to conduct the test.5.3.2 If an instrumentation system is used, it is recommended that it shall have a
30、 response accurate to within 65 % over therange specified for the test.D7387 1325.3.3 Accelerometers should be small and light weight enough as to not influence the response of the item being measured norinfluence the results of the test. Detailed information on suitable instrumentation may be found
31、 in the Shock and VibrationHandbook.66. Safety Precautions6.1 This test method may produce severe mechanical responses from the IBC.Therefore, fences, barricades, and other restraintsmust have sufficient strength and must be adequately secured to prevent excess horizontal movement of the IBC. Operat
32、ingpersonnel must remain alert to potential hazards and take necessary precautions for their safety. Stop the test immediately if adangerous condition should develop. For example, causing the container to go into resonance during testing may result inuncontrollable responsive bouncing.This may also
33、lead to a dangerous situation, overtesting, or premature failure, and safety issuesto testing personnel and equipment.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimen shall consist of a sample of the intermediate bulk container, representative for the design type, closed asintended for shipment and filled wit
34、h water (water and antifreeze solution with a specific gravity between 0.95 and 1.05 isacceptable) as a standard test medium. IBCs with blemishes or minor dents may be used if the defect does not affect the validityof the test and the defects are recorded prior to the test. Prototype IBCs may be use
35、d for developmental testing when necessary,but may not be used for final design qualification testing.7.2 Sensors and transducers may be applied with the minimum possible alteration of the test specimen, to obtain data on theresponse of the container.7.3 Sample size will be based on the applicable s
36、tandard or regulatory requirement. Whenever sufficient containers and contentsare available, it is recommended that three or more replicate tests be conducted to improve the statistical reliability of the dataobtained (see Practice A minimum of one sample must be used to meet the regulatory requirem
37、ent.E122).8. Conditioning8.1 Condition IBCs prior to the test or during the test, or both, in accordance with the requirements of the applicablespecification. When no conditioning requirements are given, and the container materials are climatically sensitive, a conditioningatmosphere is recommended
38、(see Practice D4332 for standard and special conditions).8.2 For IBC types 31A, 31B, 31N, 31H1, 31H2, 31HA1, 31HB1, 31HN1, 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2 and 31HH2, the followingstandard conditioning requirements shall be observed during the test:8.2.1 Atmospheric temperature and temperature of the test medium
39、 between 15C and 20C, and8.2.2 Relative humidity (r.h.) between 30 % and 70 %,6 Harris, C. M., Shock and Vibration Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1988, Chapter 16.FIG. 1 Intermediate Bulk Container Test Specimen on VibrationMachineD7387 1338.3 For IBC types 31HC1, 31HD1, 31HF1, 31HG1 and 31HD2
40、, the following standard conditioning requirements shall beobserved for at least 24 h prior and during the test (see 6.5.6.3.1 of United Nations Model Regulations):23 6 2C and 50 % 6 2 % r.h., or20 6 2C and 65 % 6 2 % r.h., or27 6 2C and 65 % 6 2 % r.h.8.3.1 If documented in the test report, more st
41、ringent conditioning is allowed prior and during the test in comparison to thesestandard requirements.9. Procedure9.1 Place the shipping container on the test machine platform in its normal shipping orientation. The shipping container shouldbe centered on the platform.9.2 Restraining devices are req
42、uired to prevent the container from moving horizontally off the test platform or to preventexcessive rocking. Restraining devices may affect the vertical movement of the shipping container and attention should be givento how restraints are used and where they are placed. Extremely high forces may de
43、velop during the test, so the strength of therestraining device should be sufficient to stop the container from vibrating off of the platform in the horizontal direction. If the testequipment incorporates a backstop (fence), the shipping container should not be placed directly against the backstop.
44、Placing theshipping container directly against the backstop may affect the dynamic movement of the shipping container during the test. It isrecommended to provide a maximum clearance of 50 mm between the intermediate bulk container and the restraining device ineach horizontal direction of movement a
45、t the start of the test.9.3 Orient and adjust the restraining devices to allow free horizontal movement of the container.9.4 Start the vibration of the platform at a frequency of approximately 2 Hz, and steadily increase the frequency. After thecontainer initially begins to separate from the platfor
46、m, the test frequency should be adjusted to maximize the number of pointsat which the shim can be inserted under the container without causing the container to go into resonance.NOTE 2The separation of the intermediate bulk container from the platform may not be visually apparent but in most situati
47、ons a change in the soundthe container makes, due to the container leaving the platform, may assist in indicating the appropriate test frequency. However, the shim must be usedin all tests to determine the proper test frequency.NOTE 3Caution should be used when determining the proper test frequency.
48、 Inserting the shim underneath the shipping container may cause excessivemovement of the IBC.9.5 The shim must be inserted a minimum of 100 mm (4.0 in.) under the IBC when determining the proper test frequency. Itmay be necessary to apply slight horizontal force to insert the metal shim under the in
49、termediate bulk container.9.6 The location of the shim placement must be described and recorded. It is recommended that at least two corners of theintermediate bulk container leave the test platform. The placement of the shim and a description of the separation of the IBC fromthe platform should be included as part of the test report.9.7 The shim must be capable of being inserted between the IBC and test platform throughout the duration of the test.Periodically check to make sure the proper separation is maintained.Adjustments to the test frequency may be
