1、Designation: D 7392 07Standard Practice forPM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers toCertify Conformance with Design and PerformanceSpecifications for Cement Plants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7392; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying par-t
3、iculate matter detectors (PMDs) and bag leak detectors(BLDs) that are used to monitor particulate matter (PM)emissions from kiln systems at Portland cement plants thatburn hazardous waste. It includes design specifications, perfor-mance specifications, test procedures, and information require-ments
4、to ensure that these continuous monitors meet minimumrequirements, necessary in part, to monitor reliably PM con-centrations to indicate the need for inspection or correctiveaction of the types of air pollution control devices that are usedat Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste.1.2 This
5、 practice applies specifically to the original manu-facturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, orresale of PMDs or BLDs.1.3 This practice applies to (a) wet or dry process cementkilns equipped with electrostatic precipitators, and (b) dryprocess kilns, including pre-heater pre-calc
6、iner kiln systems,equipped with fabric filter controls. Some types of monitoringinstruments are suitable for only certain types of applications.NOTE 1This practice has been developed based on careful consider-ation of the nature and variability of PM concentrations, effluent condi-tions, and the typ
7、e, configuration, and operating characteristics of airpollution control devices used at Portland cement plants that burnhazardous waste.1.4 This practice applies to Portland cement kiln systemssubject to PM emission standards contained in 40 CFR 63,Subpart EEE.NOTE 2The level of the PM emission limi
8、t is relevant to the designand selection of appropriate PMD and BLD instrumentation. The currentpromulgated PM emission standards (70 FR 59402, Oct. 12, 2005) are: (a)65 mg/dscm at 7 % O2(0.028 gr/dscf at 7 % O2) or approximately 30mg/acm (0.013 gr/acf) for “existing sources” and (b) 5.3 mg/dscm at
9、7 %O2(0.0023 gr/dscf at 7 % O2) or approximately 2.5 mg/acm (0.001 gr/acf)for “new sources.” On March 23, 2006 (71 FR 14665) EPA proposed torevise the PM standard for new cement plants to 15.9 mg/dscm at 7 %O2(0.0069 gr/dscf at 7 % O2), or about 6-9 mg/acm (0.0026-0.0039gr/acf). The emission standar
10、ds may change in future rulemakings, sousers of this practice should check the current regulations. Some types ofmonitoring instruments are not suitable for use over the range of emissionsencountered at both new and existing sources.1.5 The specifications and test procedures contained in thispractic
11、e exceed those of the United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (USEPA). For each monitoring device thatthe manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice,the manufacturer may issue a certificate that states thatmonitoring device conforms with all of the applicable designand performance r
12、equirements of this practice and also meetsall applicable requirements for PMDs or BLDs at 40 CFR 63,Subpart EEE, which apply to Portland cement plants.NOTE 340 CFR 63.1206 (c)(8) and (9) requires that BLDs and PMDs“be certified by the manufacturer to be capable of detecting particulatematter emissi
13、ons at concentrations of 1.0 milligrams per actual cubicmeter unless you demonstrate under 63.1209(g), that a higher detectionlimit would routinely detect particulate matter loadings during normaloperations.” This practice includes specific procedures for determinationand reporting of the detection
14、limit for each PMD or BLD model.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
15、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 6216 Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers toCertify Conformance with Design and Performance Speci-ficationsD 6831 Test Method for Sampling and Determining Par-ticulat
16、e Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, InertialMicrobalance2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 Ambient Atmospheres andSource Emissions.Current edition a
17、pproved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM
18、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE National Emission Standards forHazardous Air Pollutants: Final Standards for HazardousAir Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors2.3 Other Documents3ISO/DIS 9004 Quality Manag
19、ement and Quality SystemElements-GuidelinesANSI/NCSL Z 540-1-1994 Calibration Laboratories andMeasuring Equipment - General Requirements3. Terminology3.1 For terminology relevant to this practice, see Terminol-ogy D 1356.3.1.1 Definitions for transmittance measurement equipment(that is, opacity moni
20、tors) are provided in Practice D 6216.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Analyzer Equipment3.2.1 bag leak detector BLD, nan instrument installeddownstream of a fabric filter control device that interacts witha PM-laden effluent stream and produces an output signal ofsufficient accura
21、cy and repeatability to track changes in PMcontrol device performance and, together with appropriate dataanalysis, indicates the need to inspect the fabric filter asreferenced in the Federal Register, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE.BLDs are used to track rapid changes in PM concentration andmust have suffic
22、ient dynamic range to track both “peaks” andbaseline PM levels and include provisions for adjusting theaveraging period, alarm delay, and alarm set point appropriatefor source-specific conditions. BLDs must also include provi-sions to detect faults or malfunctions of the measurementsystem.3.2.2 part
23、iculate matter detector PMD, nan instrumentthat interacts with a PM-laden effluent stream and produces anoutput signal of significant accuracy and repeatability so as toindicate significant changes in the concentration of particulatematerial entrained in the effluent downstream of an electro-static
24、precipitator or fabric filter as referenced in the FederalRegister, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE. PMDs are used to trackchanges in PM concentrations using six-hour rolling averages,updated each hour with a new one-hour block average. PMDsmust also include provisions to activate an alarm and detectfaults o
25、r malfunctions of the measurement system.3.2.2.1 DiscussionPMDs and BLDs are inherently infer-ential monitoring devices that sense some parameter which, inthe absence of interfering effects, is directly related to PMconcentrations.3.2.2.2 DiscussionThis practice does not discriminatebetween measurem
26、ent techniques but instead provides designspecifications and performance standards that all devices mustsatisfy to be acceptable as a PMD or BLD for a cement kilnthat burns hazardous waste. Techniques for continuously mea-suring PM include optical transmittance (“opacity”), dynamicopacity (“scintill
27、ation”), optical scatter (side, forward and backscatter), and probe electrification (sensors based on induction,contact charge transfer, or combination of effects).NOTE 4Extractive systems using Beta attenuation to sense PMdeposited on filters are used as PM CEMS but can not meet the samplingand ana
28、lysis frequency required by EPA regulations for PMDs and BLDs.3.2.2.3 DiscussionPMD and BLD instruments that con-form to the requirements of this practice include automatedinternal mechanisms that are used to verify proper performanceof the measurement device on a daily basis, or more frequentbasis
29、if recommended by the manufacturer. PMD instrumentsinclude mechanisms to facilitate external periodic audits of themeasured parameter.3.2.3 light-scatter, nthe extent to which a beam of light isreflected, refracted, or diffracted via interaction with PM in amedium such that a measurable portion of t
30、he original beamsenergy is redirected outside the original angle of projection.3.2.3.1 DiscussionBack-scatter is generically defined asscattering in excess of 150 degrees from the direction of theoriginal projected beam, side-scatter is generically defined asscattering between 30 degrees and 150 deg
31、rees from theoriginal direction, and forward-scatter is generically defined asscattering of less than 30 degrees from the projected beam.3.2.3.2 DiscussionBecause the correlation between theintensity and angular distribution of light scattering and theactual PM mass concentration is dependent on fac
32、tors such asparticle size, particle shape, wavelength of light, particledensity, etc., this practice is limited to: (a) verification of thestability, linearity, and interference rejection of the measure-ment of scattered light, and (b) verification of the instrumentsensitivity and detection limit. T
33、his practice does not recom-mend any specific light-scattering technology, and leaves theevaluation of the application to the discretion of the user of aBLD or PMD.3.2.3.3 DiscussionA light-scatter BLD or PMD may in-clude the following: (a) sample interface equipment such asfilters and purge air blo
34、wers to protect the instrument andminimize contamination of exposed optical surfaces, (b) shut-ters or other devices to provide protection during poweroutages or failure of the sample interface, and (c) a remotecontrol unit to facilitate monitoring the output of the instru-ment, initiation of zero a
35、nd upscale calibration checks, orcontrol of other BLD or PMD functions.3.2.4 dynamic opacity, nthe amount of light variationcaused by particles traversing a cross-stack beam of transmit-ted light.3.2.4.1 DiscussionDynamic opacity instruments measurethe alternating component of the transmitted light
36、and aresometimes referred to as scintillation instruments.3.2.4.2 DiscussionIn certain dynamic instruments themeasured alternating signal (light variation) is divided by theaverage transmitted light intensity signal to provide a ratiomeasurement. This ratio is unaffected by optics contamination.3.2.
37、5 probe electrification, nmethods by which the chargecarried on PM creates a signal in a grounded sensing rodthrough charge induction, contact, or combination.3.2.5.1 DiscussionProbe electrification instruments mea-sure the current produced by charged particles passing orimpacting a grounded sensing
38、 rod. Certain instruments mea-sure the DC component of the signal, theAC component of thesignal or both the DC and AC components of the signal.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D73920723.2.5.2 DiscussionProb
39、e electrification instruments canbe used after fabric filters where the particle charge is relativelyconstant. The influence of changing velocity should be consid-ered when considering using probe electrification devices inapplications with variable speed fans or variable flow.3.2.6 BLD or PMD measu
40、ring volume, nthe spatial regionin which the particles interact with the instrument to produce ameasurable signal.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor light scattering or transmittanceinstruments, the measuring volume is the spatial region wherethe projected light and the field of view of the detector opticsoverla
41、p in which the PM concentration can be detected viascattering of light or reduction of transmittance. For probeelectrification instruments the measuring volume is the areanear the sensing probe.3.2.7 nominal full scale, nthe default, as-shipped fullscale calibration of a BLD or PMD, based on standar
42、d gainsand offset settings established during field performance testsunder Section 7.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe nominal full scale (NFS) will bedetermined by the manufacturer by means of data taken as partof the verification of instrument sensitivity and detection limiton at least one representative ceme
43、nt kiln installation.3.2.8 BLD or PMD model, na specific BLD or PMDconfiguration identified by the specific measurement systemdesign, including: (a) the use of specific source, detector(s),lenses, mirrors, and other components, (b) the physical ar-rangement of principal components, (c) the specific
44、electronicsconfiguration and signal processing approach, (d) the specificcalibration check mechanisms and drift/dust compensationdevices and approaches, and (e) the specific software versionand data processing algorithms, as implemented by a particularmanufacturer and subject to an identifiable qual
45、ity assurancesystem.3.2.8.1 DiscussionMinor changes to software or dataoutputs that do not affect data processing algorithms or statusoutputs are not be considered as a model change provided thatthe manufacturer documents all such changes and provides asatisfactory explanation in a report.3.2.8.2 Di
46、scussionSoftware installed on external devices,including external computer systems, and used for processingof the PMD or BLD output to generate average values oractivate alarms is not considered part of the PMD or BLDmonitoring device.3.2.8.3 DiscussionFor the purposes of this practice, theBLD or PM
47、D includes the following components which aredescribed in subsequent sections: (a) internal zero and upscaleperformance check devices to evaluate instrument drifts whileinstalled on a stack or duct; (b) apparatus and means toquantify, independent of the internal zero and upscale perfor-mance check d
48、evices, the degree to which the response of theBLD or PMD has changed over a period of time.Analyzer Zero Adjustments and Devices3.2.9 external zero audit device, nan external device forchecking the zero alignment or performance of the measure-ment system either by simulating with a surrogate the ze
49、ro-PMcondition for a specific installed BLD or PMD or by creatingthe actual zero-particulate condition.3.2.10 internal zero performance check device, nan auto-mated mechanism within a BLD or PMD that simulates a zeroPM condition while the instrument is installed on a stack orduct using a surrogate appropriate to the measurement tech-nique.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThe internal zero performance checkdevice may be used to check zero drift daily, or morefrequently if recommended by the manufacturer, and whenevernecessary (for example, after corrective actions
