1、Designation: D7448 09Standard Practice forEstablishing the Competence of Laboratories Using ASTMProcedures in the Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice specifies requirements to operate andevaluate the quality and m
3、anagement systems in a laboratorythat provides services with respect to sample collection, samplepreparation, or testing of coal, coke, and ash derived from coalor coke usingASTM standards that are under the jurisdiction ofCommittee D05 on Coal and Coke.NOTE 1The word “laboratory” is used throughout
4、 this practice whenreferring to an organization that provides services in coal sampling ortesting, or both. It is recognized, however, that the word may not beappropriate to an organization that does not perform actual laboratorysample testing.1.2 International standard ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 shall be th
5、egoverning document specifying requirements for management,technical competence and evaluation of a laboratory.NOTE 2An accrediting body or user of laboratory services can alsoimpose technical or non-technical requirements not specifically addressedin ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 provided they do not invalidat
6、e the requirementsof ANS/ISO/IEC 17025.1.3 This practice is used to evaluate only those capabilitesspecifically claimed by a laboratory.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
7、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD4239 Test Methods for Sulfur
8、 in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion MethodsD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeD5061 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of theTextural Components of Metallurgical CokeD5515 Test Method for Dete
9、rmination of the SwellingProperties of Bituminous Coal Using a DilatometerD6172 Test Method for Determining the Volume of BulkMaterials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created byDirect Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Pro-ceduresD6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and MinorElemen
10、ts in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively CoupledPlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the
11、Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a SingleLaboratory Using a Control Sample Program2.2 ANS/ISO/IEC Document:17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Cali-bration and Testing Laboratories33. Significance and Use3.1 International standard ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 promotesthe use of doc
12、umented accountability and quality controlprocedures to assure a laboratory and its clients that thelaboratory can produce technically valid data and results in theroutine performance of its sampling, sample preparation andtesting activities.3.2 A laboratory shall use ANSI/ISO/IEC 17025 to developit
13、s quality system. Clause 4 of ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 specifiesthe requirements for sound management. Clause 5 of ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 specifies the requirements for technical com-petence for the type of tests or calibrations, or both thelaboratory undertakes.3.3 In addition to complying with the requirement
14、s ofANS/ISO/IEC 17025, the Annex of this standard practice1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal andCoke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.30 on QualityAssurance.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. DOI:10.1520/D7448-09.2F
15、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2
16、5 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.contains information that shall be considered important for theevaluation and operation of a competent Coal and Cokesampl
17、ing or testing facility, or both. The information in thisAnnex is presented where it is not otherwise covered inANS/ISO/IEC 17025 or the applicable ASTM methods.3.4 Laboratory clients, regulatory authorities, and accredi-tation bodies that recognize the competence of testing andcalibration laborator
18、ies can use this standard practice as thebasis for their evaluation.3.5 The primary significance of this practice is to establishthat for a laboratory to generate measurements traceable to SIunits, it must:3.5.1 Have a clear understanding of the work requested bythe client.3.5.2 Meet the quality sys
19、tem requirements of the interna-tionally accepted ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 standard.3.5.3 Use test methods which have been shown to betraceable to SI units of measurement3.5.4 Be able to demonstrate that the laboratory is instatistical control at the time the measurements are made.4. Selection of an Evalua
20、tor4.1 The evaluator(s) shall have sufficient technical back-ground to competently evaluate the application of ASTMstandards employed for the sampling, preparation and analysisof coal, coke, and ash derived from coal or coke.4.2 The evaluator(s) shall review the laboratory with the aidof a worksheet
21、 or checklist. Worksheets or checklists shall bedeveloped from the requirements of Clause 4 and Clause 5 ofANS/ISO/IEC 17025 in concert with specific technical require-ments specified in the ASTM standard(s) to be evaluated.4.3 Observations and comments made by the evaluator shallbe keyed to item nu
22、mbers in the checklist.5. Keywords5.1 accuracy; competence; evaluation; laboratory; manage-ment; stabilityANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1.INTRODUCTIONFactors that can influence the technical validity of tests performed by a laboratory include but arenot limited to:(1) Sampling apparatus operation,(2)
23、 Sampling procedures,(3) Sample preparation apparatus,(4) Sample preparation operation,(5) Sample preparation procedures,(6) Laboratory equipment,(7) Laboratory equipment operation,(8) Test methods,(9) Calibration, control and consumable materials,(10) Calibration,(11) Uncertainty of measurement,(12
24、) Control charts,(13) Reporting procedures,(14) Qualification of laboratory personnel, and(15) Environmental conditions (sampling, sample preparation and analyses).This annex while mandatory, identifies several items as a “typical practice”. A “typical practice” isnot to be considered the only corre
25、ct practice. Typical practices have been included throughout thisAnnex only for the purpose of clarifying the content of this Annex.The extent to which the factors contribute to the technical validity of results can differ considerablybetween tests. The laboratory shall have procedures that address
26、these factors where these areapplicable and under the laboratorys control.D7448 092ANS/ISO/IEC 17025 Clause 4.1.5 states:“The laboratory shall have managerial and technical personnel who, irrespective of otherresponsibilities, have the authority and resources needed to carry out their duties, includ
27、ing theimplementation, maintenance and improvement of the management system, and to identify theoccurrence of departures from the management system or from the procedures for performing testsand/or calibrations and to initiate actions to prevent or minimize such departures.”Managerial and technical
28、personnel shall have the authority and resources to implement thepractices specified in this Annex in a manner that ensures laboratory procedures produce data of thetype and quality needed for the intended end use.A1.1 Sampling Apparatus OperationA1.1.1 The laboratory shall have procedures describin
29、gacceptance requirements for all sampling equipment.A1.1.2 The laboratory shall have procedures describingverification of all sampling equipment.A1.2 Sampling ProceduresA1.2.1 The laboratory shall have sampling procedures de-scribing all processes under its control.A1.2.2 The laboratory shall have p
30、rocedures describingrequirements for bias tests.A1.2.3 The laboratory shall have procedures describingrequirements for periodic bias tests after initial bias testing andacceptance of sampling systems.A1.2.4 The laboratory shall have procedures describingrequirements for bias tests subsequent to main
31、tenance andor/modification of sampling systems.A1.3 Sample Preparation ApparatusA1.3.1 The laboratory shall have procedures describing:A1.3.1.1 Acceptance requirements for all sample prepara-tion equipment.A1.3.1.2 Procedures for verification of all sample prepara-tion equipment.A1.4 Sample Preparat
32、ion OperationA1.4.1 The laboratory shall have a documented manage-ment plan which shall include requirements for:A1.4.1.1 Maintaining a chain of custody for samples.A1.4.1.2 Identifying the source of the sample.A1.4.1.3 Identifying date and time of initial sampling.A1.4.1.4 Identifying the individua
33、l(s) responsible for sam-pling and sample preparation.A1.4.1.5 Describing test and reserve sample(s) collected ateach stage of sampling and sample preparation including date,time, top size and mass.A1.4.1.6 Minimizing contamination at each stage of sam-pling and sample preparation.A1.4.1.7 Minimizin
34、g dust loss and verifying material recov-ery at each stage of sampling and sample preparation.A1.4.1.8 Verifying particle size reduction equipment pro-duce samples of the appropriate particle size criteria andhomogeneity.A1.4.1.9 Minimizing changes in moisture and or oxidationof the sample(s) during
35、 transportation, preparation, storage andhandling.A1.4.1.10 Mixing to minimize selection of a biased sizefraction at each stage of sampling, including extraction of testportions from the laboratory analysis sample.A1.4.1.11 Recording date and time the sample(s) are re-ceived in the laboratory.A1.4.1
36、.12 Verifying compliance or corrective action withrespect to all elements of the management plan, or both.A1.4.1.13 Approval of changes or exceptions to the sam-pling and sample preparation proceduresA1.5 Sample Preparation ProceduresA1.5.1 The laboratory shall have procedures for all stages ofsampl
37、e preparation that are under its control.A1.6 Laboratory EquipmentA1.6.1 The laboratory shall utilize equipment that meets thespecifications of the relevant sampling/test methods.A1.7 Laboratory Equipment OperationA1.7.1 The laboratory shall have procedures describingequipment set-up and startup whe
38、re appropriate.A1.7.2 Equipment that is operated outside of normal param-eters shall be subject to verification.A1.7.3 The laboratory shall have procedures describing theminimum quality control that is required to validate theequipment is in statistical control at the time the measurementsare made.A
39、1.7.4 The laboratory shall maintain all original instrumentobservations in accordance with their records control proce-dures.TABLE A1.1 Using ASTM Standard DesignationsStandard Method DesignationLab AStandard Method DesignationLab BTechnically EquivalentASTM D5061-92 ASTM D5061-92 (Reapproved 1997)
40、Yes: Reapproval indicates no technical changes to standard D5061.(Note A1.1)ASTM D5515-94 ASTM D5515-97 No: The lab B year designation is 97. The lab A designation is 94.This indicates technical differences between the two methods.ASTM D6172-98 ASTM D6172-98Yes: Epsilon indicates an editorial change
41、 added to improve clarityof use.ASTM D4239-02 ASTM D4239-02a No: The “a” indicates a technical revision occurred in the same year.D7448 093A1.8 Test MethodsA1.8.1 Laboratory procedures can consist of standard andnon-standard methods. A non-standard method includes theapplication of a standard method
42、 to samples that fall outsidethe scope or validated range of the standard method or thatallow conditions of test which depart from those specified in astandard method.A1.8.2 Publications from the AOAC International, (1)4aswell as ISO (2, 3) describe procedures for establishing theprecision and accur
43、acy of a non-standard method or demon-strating the equivalency of a non-standard method with astandard method.A1.8.3 The laboratory shall identify by ASTM (or othersource) designation including revision, all standard and non-standard sampling, sample preparation and test proceduresemployed by the la
44、boratory. The ASTM designation systemallows users to determine the potential for technical discrep-ancies to exist between laboratories claiming to employ thesame ASTM test method.A1.8.4 Table A1.1 provides examples of how this systemoperates.NOTE A1.1Referenced documents within a method or practice
45、 alwaysrefer to the most current version of the referenced document, even if thereferenced document is revised after the ASTM test method or practice ispublished. In this example, D5061-92 and D5061-92 (Reapproved 2007)both refer to the most current version of the referenced documentTerminology D121
46、. Minor text changes can exist due to ASTM technicalrequirements or grammatical corrections; however, these would not be ofa technical nature.A1.9 Calibration, Control and Consumable MaterialsA1.9.1 All calibration, control and consumable materialscan degrade.A1.9.2 Store these materials in a manner
47、 that minimizesopportunities for moisture changes, oxidation, or other degra-dation to occur.A1.9.3 The laboratory shall have procedures describingpractices for receipt, preparation, acceptance, use, storage,expiration and disposal of these materials.A1.9.4 The laboratory shall have procedures descr
48、ibingrequirements for approval of changes or exceptions to selec-tion, handling, storage and use of these materials.A1.9.5 The laboratory shall have procedures describingpractices to ensure calibration, control and consumable mate-rials that leave the jurisdiction of the laboratory are handledapprop
49、riately to maintain tractability or integrity, or both.where appropriate these procedures shall include verificationby the receiving laboratory.A1.9.6 The laboratory shall have procedures describingpractices to ensure that calibration and control materials thathave expired are clearly identified and are not subsequentlyemployed for calibration or verification purposes. These pro-cedures shall ensure that discarded materials can not besubsequently used.A1.9.7 Calibration and Control Materials:A1.9.7.1 All reference materials must meet the require-ments of a certified reference
