1、Designation: D 7453 09Standard Practice forSampling of Petroleum Products for Analysis by ProcessStream Analyzers and for Process Stream Analyzer SystemValidation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7453; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe primary focus of sampling petroleum product is the timely pres
3、entation of the sample for (1)analysis by online analyzers, (2) validation of an analyzer system and (3) collecting a compositesample for batch physical property determination. Sediment, free water, rust, and other contaminantsfound in the sample may be removed in the sample conditioning system to p
4、rotect the hardware andanalytical systems. If a sample is being collected for later analysis, the sample receiver must not alteror degrade the physical make up of the sample in any way. If a sample is being feed to an analyzeror sampled for latter determination of water or particulate contamination
5、then filtering is not an option.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the performance requirements forsample systems employed to deliver process stream samples(1) to analyzer system for analyses or (2) for analyzervalidation or (3) for composite sample systems. It also outlinesthe selection and operation
6、 of line or batch sampling equipmentintended for analyzer flow proportioned average property valuesystem validation. Sample handling, mixing, and conditioningprocedures are required to ensure that a representative sampleof the liquid petroleum product is collected from the samplingsource.1.2 Applica
7、ble FluidsThis practice is applicable to singleliquid phase petroleum products whose vapor pressure atsampling and sample storage conditions is less than or equal to110 kPa (16.0 psi), and, with a D 86 final boiling point lessthan or equal to 400C (752F).1.2.1 Specialized sample handling may be nece
8、ssary tomaintain sample integrity of more volatile materials at hightemperatures or extended residence time in the receiver. Suchhandling requirements are not within the scope of this practice.Users should consult the analytical methods to be performed onthe sample for special sample storage or cond
9、itioning require-ments.1.3 Some or all of the processes outlined in this practicemay be applicable to other liquids. Applying this practice toother liquids will require the consideration of additionalmethods and practices. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to identify any and all
10、applicable safety and samplingconsiderations and establish appropriate procedures to handlethese additional considerations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of
11、 thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3764 Practice for Vali
12、dation of the Performance of Pro-cess Stream Analyzer SystemsD 6122 Practice for Validation of the Performance of Mul-tivariate Process Infrared SpectrophotometersD 6624 Practice for Determining a Flow-Proportioned Av-erage Property Value (FPAPV) for a Collected Batch ofProcess Stream Material Using
13、 Stream Analyzer DataD 7278 Guide for Prediction of Analyzer Sample SystemLag Times3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.25 onPerformance Assessment and Val
14、idation of Process Stream Analyzer Systems.Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published May 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
15、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 analyzer unit response time, ntime interval betweenthe introduction of a step change in property characteristic atthe inlet of the analyz
16、er unit and when the analyzer outputindicates a value corresponding to 99.5% of the subsequentchange in analyzer results.3.1.2 automatic sampler, ndevice used to repetitivelyextract an grab and collect a representative sample of a batchor process stream.3.1.3 automatic sampling system, nsystem consi
17、sting of asample probe, sample fast cycle loop, sample supply linestream conditioning, an automatic sampler and an associatedcontroller, a flow measuring device, and sample holding,mixing and handling capabilities.3.1.4 batch, nterm referring to a volume or parcel beingtransferred.3.1.5 flow proport
18、ional sampler, nsampler designed toautomatically adjust the sampling rate to be proportional to theflow rate of the stream.3.1.6 grab, nvolume of sample extracted from a batch bya single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.7 lag time, ntime required for material to travel frompoint A to point B in
19、 the total analyzer system (points A and Bare user-defined).3.1.8 line sample, nprocess material that can be safelywithdrawn from a sample port and associated facilities locatedanywhere in the total analyzer system without significantlyaltering the property of interest.3.1.9 primary test method (PTM
20、), nASTM or other estab-lished standard test method that produces results accepted asthe reference measure of a property.3.1.10 sample conditioning unit lag time, ntime requiredfor material to flow from the sample conditioning unit inlet tothe analyzer unit inlet.3.1.11 sample fast cycle loop, na sy
21、stem that continuallyand rapidly transports a representative sample of processmaterial from the sample probe past the sample supply line andreturns the remaining material to the process.3.1.11.1 sample fast loop lag time, ntime required formaterial to transport from the product takeoff point of thes
22、ample loop to the sample conditioning unit inlet.3.1.12 total analyzer system response time, ntime intervalbetween the when a step change in property characteristicarrives at the sample loop inlet and when the analyzer outputindicates a value corresponding to 99.5% of the subsequentchange in analyze
23、r results.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThe total analyzer system responsetime is the sum of the sample fast loop lag time, the sampleconditioning unit lag time, and the analyzer unit response time.3.1.13 validation, nstatistically quantified judgment thatthe analyzer system or subsystem being assessed can pro
24、ducepredicted PTM results with acceptable precision and biasperformance when compared to actual results from a primarytest method measurement system for common materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Analyzer measurement systems require a processsample that is delivered in a timely manner commensurate w
25、iththe analyzer and process cycle time at pressure, temperatureand flow conditions meeting system requirements, is free ofcontaminants, and is representative of the process stream.4.2 Line samples collected from the process or blenderstream need to accurately reflect the composition of theanalyzer f
26、eed stream. This is accomplished by taking intoaccount the total analyzer system response time in order toproperly validate online analyzer systems.4.3 This practice describes functional requirements thatneed to be addressed in the design and operation of automaticsampling equipment. Automatic sampl
27、ing equipment is used toobtain a representative batch sample for use in validating ananalyzer system or flow proportioned average property valueand for manufactured batch quality testing.5. Significance and Use5.1 Analyzer systems require representative samples ofpetroleum products delivered in a ti
28、mely manner to (1)facilitate the control of process or blending units or (2)calculate a flow proportioned property value.5.2 Representative samples of petroleum products are re-quired for the determination of chemical and physical proper-ties. These properties are used to establish the relationshipb
29、etween the analyzer system and the primary test methodduring initial and ongoing validation of the system.5.3 Representative samples of petroleum products are testedto determine the chemical and physical properties of a batchoffered for tender.6. Sample Delivery and Conditioning Requirements forProc
30、ess Stream Analyzers6.1 The sample will be delivered from the sample stream tothe analyzer inlet for measurement in the minimum realisticperiod of time possible.6.1.1 When sampling from processes that normally operatein steady state mode, not subject to scheduled operationalvariable(s) step changes
31、that directly impact the measuredvariable, the sample fast loop lag time shall be as short aspractically possible. It is recommended that where possible, thesample fast loop lag time should be less than the analyzerresponse time. A minimum realistic time is two minutes.NOTE 1Guide D 7278 can be used
32、 for the prediction of analyzersample system lag times. Refer to Practice D 3764 for analyzer unitresponse time information.6.1.2 Sampling from processes that are subject to scheduledoperational variable(s) step changes that directly impact themeasured variable requires knowledge of the shortest int
33、ervalbetween scheduled step changes. The total analyzer systemresponse time shall be less than the shortest interval betweenscheduled step changes6.2 The sample system shall deliver the sample to theanalyzer without alteration of the properties of interest.6.2.1 The sample systems shall not cause an
34、y unintendedphase changes in the sample during its transport to theanalyzer.6.3 Filtration and CoalescingThe sample stream shouldbe filtered or suitably treated to remove contaminants such asrust, sediments, and foreign matter. Free and dissolved waternot intended to be quantified or analyzed should
35、 be removed byD7453092coalescing, chilling, or filtration. The porosity of the filtershould be selected for effective removal of contaminants thatcan cause immediate or long term damage to the systemhardware including build up and plugging of system solenoidsand valves.6.4 Temperature and PressureSa
36、mple temperature andpressure shall be conditioned to a safe working range asdetermined by the sample handling requirements and equip-ment limitations. There shall be no bubbling or frothing duringsampling.6.4.1 Some primary test methods require storing the samplewithin a prescribed temperature range
37、. These requirementsneed to be identified and addressed in the sampler design.7. Line Sample Requirements7.1 Where possible, the line sample point should in closeproximity to the process takeoff point of the sample loop.NOTE 2Filters, coalescers, and temperature conditioning units may berequired to
38、make the sample stream safe to sample.7.2 Validate and document the lag time of the line samplepoint from the sample stream and the lag time from the samplepoint to the analyzer inlet. This data is required in PracticeD 3764 or Practice D 6122 for analyzer validation. GuideD 7278 may also be used.7.
39、3 Use a sample container and any sample containerconditioning procedures defined in the PTM.7.3.1 The sample point shall be flushed with three times thevolume of the sample system from the tie into the analyzersample supply to the sample outlet. See Fig. 1.7.3.2 The sample probe shall reach the bott
40、om of the samplecontainer when sampling.7.3.2.1 The bottom of the sample probe shall have a 45relief cut.7.3.3 Flush the sample container to remove contaminantsand saturate the vapor phase with hydrocarbons.NOTE 3Samples to be analyzed for vapor pressure require specialhandling, and the appropriate
41、standard test method should be reviewed forrequirements.7.3.4 After a container has been flushed with sample, itshould be filled immediately so the vapor space in the containerstays fully saturated with hydrocarbon and the bottle tempera-ture is similar to the sample.7.3.5 Throttle the flow into the
42、 sample container at the startof the filling process so the sample is introduced slowly,without turbulence, until there is enough volume so thatincreasing the flow does not cause bubbling or frothing. If theinitial fill rate is too fast, properly dispose of the extractedsample and then refill the sa
43、mple container to maintain sampleintegrity.7.3.6 Seal the sample container and label as required.NOTE 4The analyzer reading may need to be documented at the timeof filling for validation samples.8. Automatic Sampling systems8.1 An automatic composite sample collecting system con-sists of sample cond
44、itioning upstream of the sampling location,a device to physically extract a grab from the sample loop, aflow measurement device for flow proportioning, a means tocontrol the total volume of sample extracted, a sample receiverto collect and store the grabs and, depending on the system, asample receiv
45、er/mixing system. See Fig. 2. Unique propertiesof the petroleum product being sampled may require theindividual components or the entire system be insulated, orheated, or both. Since the sample is collected throughout a fullbatch, the analysis of this sample can be used to validate theanalyzer flow
46、proportioned average property value calculatedby Practice D 6624.9. Procedure9.1 Sampling Frequency:FIG. 1 Diagram Line SampleD74530939.1.1 The sample shall be extracted in a flow proportionedmanner9.1.2 The grab volume shall be consistent throughout thebatch.9.1.2.1 The variation between the maximu
47、m and minimumgrab volume will not exceed 10% of the set grab volume.9.1.3 The batch will be sampled at a minimum of once every16 cubic metres (100 barrels) of sample stream flow past thesample probe.9.1.4 Collect the maximum number of grabs from the batchthat the equipments extraction frequency, ext
48、raction grab size,and volume limitations will allow. Increasing the number ofgrabs will make the composite sample more representative ofthe total batch.9.1.4.1 The minimum sample receiver volume is determinedby the sample container requirements of the PTM used toanalyze the sample.9.1.4.2 The optimu
49、m sampling frequency is the maximumnumber of grabs which may be obtained from any parceloperating within the extraction frequency and grab volumelimitations of the equipment.9.1.5 The maximum sampling frequency will not exceed thecapability of the sampling hardware.9.2 Sampling Systems:9.2.1 Select a sample storage device that will not affect theproperties of interest over the period that the sample will bestored in the storage device.9.2.2 Flush the sample system lines and sample receiver atthe start of each batch.9.2.3 Confirm that the accumulator is empty
