1、Designation: D7466/D7466M 10 (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Test Method forMeasuring Asperity Height of Textured Geomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7466/D7466M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially in June 2015.1. Scope1.1 Thi
3、s test method covers a procedure to measure theasperity height of textured geomembranes.1.2 This test method does not provide for measurement ofthe spacing between the asperities nor of the complete profileof the textured surface.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
4、regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thes
5、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for Geosynt
6、heticsD5994/D5994M Test Method for Measuring Core Thicknessof Textured GeomembranesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the
7、 Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using ControlChart Techniques3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D4439.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asperity, nthe individual projections of polyethylenethat extend above the core surface of a textured
8、 geomembraneresulting in the textured surface profile.3.2.2 core thickness, nthe average thickness of a texturedgeomembrane as measured using Test Method D5994/D5994M.3.2.3 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyn-thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D44393.2.4 setting block, nthe
9、 component part of a depth gaugethat rests on top of the asperities.3.2.5 thickness, n the perpendicular distance between onesurface and its opposite.3.2.6 thickness gauge contact point, nthe tip of a thick-ness gauge which contacts the base sheet of the geomembranesurface.4. Summary of Test Method4
10、.1 The asperity height of a textured geomembrane ismeasured with a depth gauge, the setting block of which restson the top of the asperities while the contact point extends tothe sheets core surface.4.2 The asperity height of a textured geomembrane iscalculated as the average value of ten (10) indiv
11、idual measure-ments taken across the roll width of the sample under investi-gation.5. Significance and Use5.1 The asperity height is an index property used to quantifyone of the physical attributes related to the surface roughnessof textured geomembranes.5.2 This test method is applicable to all cur
12、rently availabletextured geomembranes that are deployed as manufacturedgeomembrane sheets.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 20
13、15. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7466-10. DOI:10.1520/D7466_D7466M-10R15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
14、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Apparatus6.1 Depth GaugeThe depth gauge shall consist of threecomponents that conform the requirements of this section; adial
15、indicator, a setting block and a contact point with exten-sion.6.1.1 Dial Indicatorcapable of measuring to depth of atleast 2.5 mm 0.10 in. with an accuracy of 60.025 mm0.001 in.6.1.2 Setting Blockthe setting block shall have a basedimension of 50 mm to 63.5 mm long by 20 mm to 12.7 mmwide 2.0 in. t
16、o 2.5 in. long by 0.75 in. to 0.50 in. wide and aheight of 15 mm 0.60 in.6.1.3 Contact Point with ExtensionThe contact point is1.3 mm 0.051 in. in diameter with the tip tapered to a point.An extension of approximately 17 mm 0.66 in. is required toachieve the necessary travel beyond the base surface
17、of thesetting block. The contact point should protrude at least 10 mmbelow the setting block when not in use in order to ensure thata competent “zero” setting is achieved. See Figs. 1-3.6.1.4 The mass of the depth gauge fully assembled with thedial indicator, setting block, contact point with extens
18、ionshould not exceed 300 g.7. Sampling7.1 SampleFor the sample, take a full width sample atleast 75-mm 3-in. wide. Exclude the inner and outer wraps ofthe roll or any material not representative of the sample. Eitherthe entire strip may be tested or individual test specimens maybe taken from this sa
19、mple, with a minimum diameter of 75 mm3 in., spaced such that a total of ten (10) asperity heightdeterminations will be made approximately evenly across thesample.7.2 Sample LabelingFor textured geomembrane samplesthat are textured on both sides, identify one surface as “SideA”and the other as “Side
20、 B”. Side A should correspond to theoutside surface of the product when on the parent roll, and SideB the inside surface whenever this relationship is known.8. Conditioning and Testing8.1 Bring the specimens to temperature equilibrium at 21 62C 70 6 4F and at a relative humidity of 60 6 10 %.9. Proc
21、edure9.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard labora-tory atmosphere specified in 8.1.9.2 Place the depth gauge on a flat, rigid supporting surfaceto zero the contact point with the bottom of the setting block.9.3 Place the geomembrane specimen being tested on a flat,rigid, supporting surf
22、ace being vigilant to keep the specimenflat for the measurements. For two side texturedgeomembranes, measure the asperity height of Side A first.9.4 Place the depth gauge on the surface of the texturedgeomembrane specimen, with the long axis of the setting blockperpendicular to the machine direction
23、 of the roll. Do not toapply downward hand pressure on the gauge as this wouldcompress the asperities under the setting block. Allow thecontact point to come into contact with the “low spots” or“valleys,” in between the asperities, or into the indentations, ofthe textured surface(s). Move the depth
24、gauge slightly on thetest specimen to obtain the local maximum reading. Repeat theabove within a search radius of approximately 12 mm 0.5 in.so that a total of three observations are obtained. Record thehighest value of the three observations to the nearest 0.025 mmor 0.001 in. as the asperity heigh
25、t determination.NOTE 1Be vigilant not to drag the extended contact point whilemoving the depth gauge laterally across the sample between determina-tions as this can result in damage to the contact point.NOTE 2The parent standard for this procedure, GRI GM-12, origi-nally specified that the local hig
26、hest asperity measurement is taken foreach asperity height determination. This is consistent with procedure fordetermining the thickness of a textured geomembrane in accordance withFIG. 1 Asperity Height Test GaugeFIG. 2 Contact PointFIG. 3 Contact ExtensionD7466/D7466M 10 (2015)12Test Method D5994/
27、D5994M, which specifies that the individual thick-ness determinations are taken where the “low spots” or “valleys” are thedeepest.9.5 Repeat 9.4 above at the next position,9.6 Repeat 9.3 through 9.5 on Side B for two side texturedgeomembrane samples.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the average asperity
28、 height of the sample (thetest result) from the ten (10) individual asperity height deter-minations and record to the nearest 0.025 mm or 0.001 in.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Project, type of geomembrane tested, and method ofsampling.11.1.2 Name or description of dep
29、th gauge used for testing.11.1.3 Number of specimens.11.1.4 Individual asperity height determinations to the near-est 0.025 mm or 0.001 in.11.1.5 Average asperity height to the nearest 0.025 mm or0.001 in.11.1.6 Coefficient of variation of the individual measure-ments of the sample, in percent (opti
30、onal).11.1.7 Any unusual or out-of-standard conditions or obser-vations made during the tests.12. Precision and Bias312.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is basedon an interlaboratory study of this test method conducted in2007. Each of eight laboratories tested five different materials(fo
31、ur for “Side A”). Every test result represents an individualdetermination, and three sample separate laboratory-day deter-minations were taken in triplicate for each material tested. Onelaboratory recorded just one lab-day measurement in triplicatefor each material. The standard units for the core t
32、hickness testresults are 0.001 in. or “mils.” Practice E691 was followed forthe design and analysis of the data; the details are given inASTM Research Report RR:D35-1012.Average test value 30.7 milsTest range (reported) 21.6 to 49.7 mils95% repeatability limit (withinlaboratory)2.3 mils95% reproduci
33、bility limit (betweenlaboratories)5.4 mils12.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the “r” value for that material; “r” is theinterval representing the critical difference between two testresults for the sa
34、me material, obtained by the same operatorusing the same equipment on the same day in the samelaboratory.12.1.1.1 A breakdown of the repeatability limits for “SideA” and “Side B” are listed in Tables 1 and 2.12.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged not equivalent if they diffe
35、r by more than the “R” valuefor that material; “R” is the interval representing the criticaldifference between two test results for the same material,obtained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories.12.1.2.1 A breakdown of the reproducibility limits for “SideA” and
36、“Side B” are listed in Tables 1 and 2.12.1.3 The terms “repeatability limit” and “reproducibilitylimit” are used as specified in Practice E177.12.2 UncertaintyRepeated measurements made on thesame three sets of ten test specimens on three differentmeasurement events provided a preliminary estimate o
37、f theuncertainty of the test result. The algorithms for these calcu-lations are based on Practice E2554. See Table 3.12.3 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.12.4 The
38、 precision statement was determined through sta-tistical examination of 594 results, from eight laboratories, onfive materials. These five samples were described as thefollowing:Sample 1: 60-mil Textured HDPE (Blown Film A)Sample 2: 40-mil Textured LLDPE (Blown Film A)Sample 3: 60-mil One-Side Textu
39、red HDPE (Blown Film B)Sample 4: 40-mil Textured LLDPE (Blown Film B)Sample 5: 60-mil Textured HDPE (Extruded)13. Keywords13.1 asperity height; geomembrane; geosynthetics; texturedgeomembrane; thickness3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesti
40、ng Research Report RR:D35-1012.TABLE 1 Asperity Height of Textured Geomembrane “Side A” (mils)Sample Average,ARepeatability Standard Deviation, Reproducibility Standard Deviation, Repeatability Limit, Reproducibility Limit,xsrsRrR1 30.66 0.94 2.03 2.63 5.672 34.76 1.00 2.49 2.79 6.973 Smooth Side of
41、 Single-Side Textured Sample4 28.30 0.90 1.85 2.53 5.185 30.57 0.46 0.85 1.28 2.39AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.D7466/D7466M 10 (2015)13ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this stand
42、ard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be review
43、ed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
44、 technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
45、hohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to
46、photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 2 Asperity Height of Textured Geomembrane “Side B” (mils)Sample Average,ARepeatability Standard Deviation, Reproducibility Standard Deviation, Repeatabili
47、ty Limit, Reproducibility Limit,xsrsRrR1 26.98 0.94 2.07 2.63 5.802 25.10 0.75 1.46 2.10 4.073 25.82 0.74 2.19 2.08 6.144 30.16 1.21 2.21 3.38 6.185 43.15 0.55 2.38 1.54 6.66AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.TABLE 3 Uncertainty of Asperity Height of Textured Geomembrane Test Resul
48、tsSample Average, Range of Laboratory Uncertainty Average Uncertainty Standard DeviationxStandard Deviations SU1A 30.66 0.30 to 2.68 1.261B 26.98 0.89 to 1.77 1.342A 34.76 0.37 to 2.52 1.182B 25.10 0.57 to 1.15 0.883 25.82 0.20 to 1.76 0.924A 28.30 0.48 to 1.54 1.124B 30.16 0.54 to 1.67 1.285A 30.57 0.14 to 0.86 0.495B 43.15 0.06 to 0.99 0.55D7466/D7466M 10 (2015)14
