1、Designation: D7469 09Standard Test Methods forEnd-Joints in Structural Wood Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAdhesive bonded end-joints are used in structural glued wood products. The bond performance ofthese end-joints is only one of several parameters
3、that influence the in-service performance of theseproducts. Evaluating the performance of these end-joints require specific tests.The testing regimen, which may consist of one or more of the test methods specified in this standard,is dependent on the type of product, the stage in the manufacturing o
4、f the product or sub-componentswhen the testing is to be performed, and the objective of the evaluation. Appendix X1-Appendix X7provide an overview of considerations for developing a testing regimen.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides test methods for evaluating thestructural capacity and integrity o
5、f end-joints in structuralwood products.1.2 End-joints are manufactured by adhesive bonding ofmachined, mated surfaces at the ends of two pieces of lumberto form a joint. Typical end-joint configurations include fingerjoints and scarf joints. The combination of one or moreend-joints and the adjoinin
6、g sections of the structural woodproduct within the assembly is considered to be the testspecimen.1.3 Off-line test methods include: (1) Axial Tension, (2)Bending, and (3) Cyclic Delamination.1.4 In-line test methods include: (1) Tension Proofload and(2) Bending Proofload.1.5 The values stated in in
7、ch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
8、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsD198 Test Methods of Static
9、Tests of Lumber in StructuralSizesD1101 Test Methods for Integrity of Adhesive Joints inStructural Laminated Wood Products for Exterior UseD1151 Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature onAdhesive BondsD1183 Practices for Resistance of Adhesives to CyclicLaboratory Aging ConditionsD2559 Speci
10、fication for Adhesives for Structural Lami-nated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use)Exposure ConditionsD2915 Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties forGrades of Structural LumberD3434 Test Method for Multiple-Cycle Accelerated AgingTest (Automatic Boil Test) for Exterior Wet Use Woo
11、dAdhesivesD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD4688 Test Method for Evaluating Structural Adhesives forFinger Jointing Lumber1These test methods are unde
12、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on FundamentalTest Methods and Properties.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7469 08. DOI:10.1
13、520/D7469-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
14、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D4761 Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumberand Wood-Base Structural MaterialD7247 Test Method for Evaluating the Shear Strength ofAdhesive Bonds in Laminated Wood Products at ElevatedTemperaturesE4 Practices for Force Veri
15、fication of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in these methods shall be as defined inTerminologies D9 and E6 and Practices E4 and E177.3.2 Definitions of Terms
16、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 delaminationseparation of a bondline due to dimen-sional changes (swelling and shrinkage) of the wood aroundthe joint caused by extreme changes in the moisture content.3.2.2 finger jointa joint formed by bonding two pieces oflumber with ends machined to a mated finger
17、-like profile (Fig.1).3.2.3 finger joint specimenboard segments joined at oneor both ends by finger joints to form an assembly and obtainedfrom a finger joint production line for testing.3.2.4 finger lengthlength of machined finger along thelongitudinal axis of the full-size member from the finger t
18、ip tothe base of the finger (Fig. 1).3.2.5 finger pitchwidest width of machined finger at thebase of the joint (Fig. 1).3.2.6 gauge lengththe clear distance between the grips fora specimen subjected to axial tensile loading.3.2.7 horizontal finger jointfinger joint where the fingerprofile appears on
19、ly on the narrow face of the lumber.3.2.8 in-line testa test that is carried out on all productionfrom a continuous manufacturing process.3.2.9 off-line testa test that is carried out on a sampletaken from a continuous manufacturing process or frominventory of the product.3.2.10 outer fingerthe fing
20、er at the edges of the faceshowing the finger profile (Fig. 1).3.2.11 proofload testinga test where a preselected load orstress level is applied to the specimen.3.2.12 scarf jointa joint formed by bonding two pieces oflumber with ends machined with a single sloping profile. Thelength of the specimen
21、 cross-section occupied by the scarf jointis the run of the slope (Fig. 2).3.2.13 spanthe distance between the centerlines of endreactions on which the test specimen is supported to accom-modate a transverse bending load.3.2.14 standard dry dimensionsthe cross-sectional sizeused in design for sawn l
22、umber, this is also known as thestandard dry size.3.2.15 tip gapdistance between the finger tip and the baseof the finger in the opposing segment (Fig. 1).3.2.16 tip thicknesssmallest width of machined finger(Fig. 1).3.2.17 vertical finger jointfinger joint where the fingerprofile appears only on th
23、e wide face of the lumber.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are applicable to specimens with orwithout specific conditioning regimens. Tests are permitted tobe performed on specimens that are not at moisture equilib-rium, such as under production conditions in a plant, or onspecimens tha
24、t have been conditioned to specified moisturecontent or durability conditioning prior to testing.4.2 These test methods can be used as follows:4.2.1 To standardize the determination of strength propertiesfor the material and joint being tested.FIG. 1 Finger Joint ProfileD7469 0924.2.2 To investigate
25、 the effect of parameters that mayinfluence the structural capacity of the joint, such as jointprofile, adhesive type, moisture content, temperature, andstrength-reducing characteristics in the assembly.4.3 These test methods do not intend to address all possibleexposure or performance expectations
26、of end-joints. The fol-lowing are some performance characteristics not considered:4.3.1 Long-term strength and permanence of the woodadhesive.4.3.2 Time dependent mechanical properties of the joint.4.3.3 Elevated temperature performance of the joint.AXIAL TENSION TEST METHOD (OFF-LINE)5. Scope5.1 Th
27、is test method provides procedures for the determi-nation of the axial tensile capacity of full-size end-jointspecimen off-line.5.2 Applications of this test method include: end-jointqualification and daily quality control of production, and otherpurposes where the strength of a full-size end-joint
28、must beverified or determined.6. Summary of Test Method6.1 The test specimen is subjected to an axial tensile load.The length of the specimen is short enough such that failuresoccur primarily at or as a result of the joint, but long enoughsuch that the stresses around the joint are not affected by t
29、hegrips.6.2 Except as specified below, the specimens shall be testedin accordance with Test Methods D4761 for Axial Strength inTension.6.3 The specimen is loaded so that failure occurs or apreselected load is reached within the prescribed amount oftime.NOTE 1It is preferred to apply load at a consta
30、nt rate of increase.Either load or displacement control is acceptable. Apply load at a rate thatis as close to constant as is practical. Sudden increases in load should beavoided.7. Apparatus7.1 Test MachineAs specified in Test Methods D4761.7.2 Grips or Clamping DevicesAs specified in Test Meth-ods
31、 D4761.NOTE 2Grip designs that do not minimize damage from clampingmay result in a high frequency of failure at the edge of the grips.Generally, if a specimen fails at the edge of the grips, the result should bedisregarded unless the load level attains a load level that is sufficient todemonstrate a
32、 minimum end-joint capacity. When a high frequency of griprelated failure occurs at or below the load levels of interest, the gripsshould be redesigned as excessive culling of specimens for this reasonmay impact the representativeness of the tensile strength for the sampletested.7.3 Distance Between
33、 GripsThe gauge length shall beselected such that the edges of the grips are at least 2 ft (610mm) apart for finger joints, and at least 2 ft (610 mm) longerthan the length of the joint for scarf joints.NOTE 3To maximize data comparability, a gauge length of 2 ft (610mm) is typically recommended for
34、 evaluating single joints. However, tostudy, for example, the weakest joint in a sample of consecutive joints,other gauge lengths can be used. While the maximum gauge length is notlimited, a long gauge length may result in an excessive number of failuresaway from the joint, which is not desirable fo
35、r the purposes of evaluatingthe joint performance.7.4 AccuracyAs specified in Test Methods D4761.8. Test Specimens and Conditioning8.1 Cross-SectionThe specimen shall be tested withoutmodifying the dimensions of the commercial cross-section.The use of reduced cross-section test specimens is permissi
36、bleaccording to considerations and guidelines for developing testprocedures provided in Appendix X5.8.2 LengthThe minimum specimen length shall be thegauge length, determined in accordance with 7.3, plus anyrequired length to achieve contact along the full length of thegrips.8.3 ConditioningSpecimen
37、s are permitted to be tested asproduced or following a specified conditioning regimen de-pending on the purpose of the test program. The specimenconditions and details of the conditioning regimen, if appli-cable, shall be reported.9. Procedure9.1 Specimen Measurements:9.1.1 Cross-Sectional Dimension
38、sThe cross-sectional di-mensions of each specimen for which the tensile strength is tobe determined shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25mm) and recorded. Where the cross-sectional dimensions differon either side of the joint, such as when testing samples beforethey are planed to a standar
39、d size, the cross-sectional dimen-sions used to calculate the tensile strength shall be reported.The width and thickness should be measured at the leastdimensional plane of the adjoining segment.NOTE 4When testing for end-joint quality control at a productionfacility, it may be acceptable to determi
40、ne the tensile strength using thestandard dry cross-sectional dimensions.9.1.2 Moisture ContentUnless otherwise specified by thedurability conditioning protocol, the moisture content of thespecimens tested after moisture or durability conditioning shallbe measured on each side of the joint in accord
41、ance with theprocedures outlined in Test Methods D4442 or D4444 andrecorded. For specimens tested as produced from a manufac-turing process in which lumber moisture content is controlledFIG. 2 Scarf Joint ProfileD7469 093or where all specimens are conditioned to uniform moisturecontent, moisture con
42、tent measurements for each specimen arenot required.9.2 Test SetupThe end-joint shall be centered between thetwo grips. The specimen shall also be centered in the grips sothat the longitudinal axis of the specimen coincides with thedirection of the load application. Load shall be applied to thespeci
43、men at a rate determined in accordance with 9.3.NOTE 5Centering the joint in the grip span minimizes the biasbetween joint tests due to bending moments induced by grip head balance.It is recognized that bending moments caused by non-homogeneity in thespecimens mechanical properties cannot be elimina
44、ted.9.3 Speed of TestingA constant test rate shall be selectedfor testing the sample such that the specimen failure load isachieved between 1 and 10 min.9.4 Maximum LoadThe maximum load attained in the testshall be recorded.9.5 Record of Test RateA description of the rate ofloading and method of app
45、lication shall be recorded.9.6 Record of FailureFor all specimens tested to failure, adescription of the failure mode in accordance with Annex A1shall be recorded. Any specimen irregularities or the presenceof strength reducing defects within the joint shall also berecorded.BENDING TEST METHOD (OFF-
46、LINE)10. Scope10.1 This test method provides off-line test procedures forthe determination of the capacity of the end-joint in bending onshort spans subjected to a 4-point loading.10.2 Applications of this test method include: end-jointqualification and daily quality control, and other purposeswhere
47、 the strength of a full-size end-joint are to be verified ordetermined.11. Summary of Test Method11.1 The test specimen is simply supported and loaded bytwo equal, concentrated forces spaced equidistant from thecenter of the supports. The specimen is loaded so that failureoccurs or a preselected loa
48、d is reached within the prescribedamount of time.NOTE 6It is preferred to apply load at a constant rate of increase.Either load or displacement control is acceptable. Apply load at a rate thatis as close to constant as is practical. Sudden increases in load should beavoided.11.2 Except as specified
49、below, the specimens shall eitherbe tested in accordance with Test Methods D4761 for BendingEdge-Wise or D4761 for Bending Flat-WiseThird-PointLoading. The test method used shall be reported.12. Apparatus12.1 Test MachineAs specified in Test Methods D4761.12.2 Load and Support ApparatusAs specified in TestMethods D4761.12.3 Load Configuration:12.3.1 The standard span for this test shall be 21 times thespecimen depth, however other spans shall be permitted. Ifanother span is used, it shall be reported.12.3.2 The specimen is permitted to be p
