1、Designation: D 7478/D 7478M 08Standard Specification forHeavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7478/D 7478M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements for two types andtwo classes of sheathed crates each of which may have twobase styles. The cra
3、tes are designed for net loads not exceeding30 000 pounds lb 13 607 kg and to withstand the most severeoverseas shipping and storage conditions.1.2 The crates described by this specification are intended toprotect items from atmospheric elements during shipment andstorage. They are designed to withs
4、tand the rough handling oflogistic operations including stacking and outside storage for aprolonged period.1.3 Class 1 and 2 crates may be used interchangeably asdesired. However, the Class 2 crate should be used whenweight is a prime consideration, as the lack of diagonals andthinner plywood sheath
5、ing results in a lighter crate.1.4 Demountable crates, Type II, should be used wheneverit is expected that the contained item will require reshipping toanother destination.1.5 Sill bases, Style B, are intended for items that projectbelow their mounting points, such as disassembled vehicles.1.6 If th
6、e use of other construction method or techniques isacceptable and permitted (see 5.10), the resulting packagingsystems shall be of equal or better performance than wouldresult from the use of these specified materials and procedures.The appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D 4169can
7、 be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues
8、 from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion ofunits.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
9、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of
10、 Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-ers and PalletsF 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,and Staples2.2 National Institute of Standards a
11、nd Technology (NIST)Standards:PS1 Voluntary Product Standard, Structural Plywood3PS20 American Softwood Lumber Standard42.3 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association Standard:5ANSI/HPVA HP-1 American National Standard for Hard-wood and Decorative Plywood2.4 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA)
12、Stan-dard:6Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hardwoodand Cypress1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on ShippingContainers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition appro
13、ved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from APA
14、, The Engineered Wood Association, 7011 South 19th St.,Tacoma, WA 984665399, http:/www.apawood.org.4Available from American Lumber Standards Committee, Inc., (ALSC), P.O.Box 210, Germantown, MD 208750210, http:/www.alsc.org.5Available from Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (HPVA), P.O. Box2789
15、, Reston, VA 220900789, http:/www.hpva.org.6Available from National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA), 6830 Ra-leigh LaGrange Rd., Memphis, TN 38134, http:/www.natlhardwood.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.5 ASM
16、E/ANSI Standards:7B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Inch SeriesB18.5 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)B18.22.l (B18.22M) Plain Washers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to T
17、his StandardThecrate component parts discussed herein were selected on thebasis of part function. Alternate names are sometimes used byindustry.3.2.1 diagonalsdiagonals are frame members positionedbetween parallel frame members and placed at nearly 45angles to them. Diagonals serve as braces and ens
18、ure rigidity inthe crate.3.2.2 end frame membersend frame members are similarto side frame members but perpendicular to the long dimen-sion.3.2.3 filler stripsfiller strips are boards placed across theends of thin, non-load-bearing floorboards, which serve to fillthe space below the lower frame memb
19、er of the crate sides.3.2.4 frame membersframe members are those partswhich form the fundamental crate structure upon which thestrength and rigidity of a lumber-sheathed crate depends.3.2.5 hanger-metalhanger-metal is a metal nailed strapused to aid in support of the intermediate sill in sill-type b
20、ases.3.2.6 headersheaders are either transverse members ateach end of skid bases or longitudinal members at each end oftop joists. Headers in bases serve to hold the base together asa unit, to transfer loads to outside skids, and to provide afastening member for end panels. Headers in top panels ser
21、veto position and support joists and to provide a fasteningmember for side panels.3.2.7 horizontal braceshorizontal braces are memberspositioned between struts and parallel to the upper and lowerframe members and serve to reduce the unsupported span ofthe sheathing.3.2.8 joistsjoists are members ext
22、ending across the crateunderneath the top, which serve to support and transfer verticalstacking loads to the side panels. Joists also serve to preventcrushing or buckling of crate tops when slings or grab hooksare used.3.2.9 lag screw straplag screw strap is a metal reinforcingstrap used on bolted c
23、rates sides and ends to reinforce andincrease lag screw lateral resistance.3.2.10 load-bearing floorboardsload-bearing floorboardsare transverse base members which serve to distribute andtransfer loads to the outside skids.3.2.11 rubbing stripsrubbing strips are longitudinal mem-bers nailed to the s
24、kid bottom to provide for sling and forklifttruck handling.3.2.12 sheathingsheathing is the plywood or boardsnailed to the frame members and enclose the crate. Sheathingused on the top panels is called top sheathing; that used on theside or end panels is called side or end sheathing; that nailed tot
25、he top of skids is called flooring; and that nailed to the bottomof sills is called bottom sheathing.3.2.13 side frame membersside frame members are themembers of the crate top, without joists, which are parallel tothe long dimension and serve as fastening members and to tiethe crate construction to
26、gether.3.2.14 sill bridgingsill bridging are members of the samedepth as the sills, which are inserted at right angles to theintermediate sills, and serve to prevent lateral sill turning orbuckling.3.2.15 sillssills are the members, which with sill bridgingform the frame work of sill-type bases. Sil
27、ls carry and transferloads to side panels and serve as fastening members. There areside, end, and intermediate sills.3.2.16 skidsskids are longitudinal members attached tothe crate bottom, which serve to support and transfer the loadto the side panels.3.2.17 sleeperssleepers are members underneath t
28、he floorof skid-type bases to which the item is anchored (through thefloor) so that the tie-down stress will be distributed.3.2.18 strutsstruts are vertical frame members, placedbetween the side and end panels upper and lower framemembers, and serve as columns for supporting vertical stack-ing loads
29、. The end struts are sometimes referred to as cornerposts.3.2.19 upper and lower frame membersupper and lowerframe members are those horizontal members at the top andbottom of the side and end panels which serve to tie theconstruction together.3.2.20 vertical joist supportsvertical joist supports ar
30、evertical members attached to the crate sides inside face, whichserve to support the joists and assist the struts in supportingvertical stacking loads.4. Classification4.1 Crates shall be of the following types, classes, andstyles:4.2 Type:4.2.1 Type INailed.4.2.2 Type IIBolted.4.3 Class:4.3.1 Class
31、 1Lumber sheathed.4.3.2 Class 2Plywood sheathed.4.4 Style:4.4.1 Style ASkid base.4.4.2 Style BSill base.5. Ordering Information5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred permitted optionsand include the following information in procurement docu-ments:5.2 Specification title, number, and date.5.3 Cra
32、te type, class, and style (see Section 4).5.4 Contents weight.5.5 Crate dimensions specified in order of length by widthby depth.5.6 When inspection doors are required.7Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016
33、5990, http:/www.asme.org.D 7478/D 7478M 0825.7 When top, sides, and ends shall be assembled with nailsand the entire assembly bolted to the base.5.8 Whether crates are to be shipped assembled or knockeddown.5.9 Whether other construction methods or techniques areacceptable and permitted (see 1.6).5.
34、10 Whether proof that other constructions methods ortechniques are acceptable (see 1.6) is required.5.11 If packaging is other than as specified.6. General Requirements6.1 Crate LoadingWhen crates are furnished as filledcontainers, the extent of contents disassembly, the anchoring,blocking, and lift
35、ing attachments application shall be in accor-dance with this specifications Supplemental Requirements.6.2 Dimensions:6.2.1 Inside DimensionInside crate length or width is thedistance between opposite struts inner surfaces. Inside height isthe distance between skid base floorboards or sill bases sil
36、ltops and the underside of top joists or framing members.6.2.2 Outside DimensionsOutside dimensions are thecrate, or its contents, overall length, width, and height, which-ever is greater. Actual dimensions, except in designing, arecorrected whole inches 25 mm increments, any fraction lessthan12 in.
37、 13 mm being disregarded, and any fraction of12in. 13 mm or greater being considered a full inch 25 mmincrement.6.2.3 Cubic DisplacementCrate cubic displacement iscalculated from the outside dimensions in inches millimetresand is stated in cubic feet cubic metres.6.2.4 LimitationsThe crate exterior
38、dimensions shall notexceed the following limitations:6.2.4.1 Length30 ft 9144 mm.6.2.4.2 Width9 ft 2743 mm.6.2.4.3 Height10 ft 3048 mm.6.2.5 Interior ClearanceA clearance of not less than 42in. 2551 mm shall be allowed between the item and theclosest side, end, or top crate member. Additional cleara
39、ncesmay be provided for shock-mounted items. Protruding parts atthe top may be allowed to extend between joists; joist spacingmay be adjusted slightly to accommodate projections.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 MaterialsMaterials shall be as specified herein. Ma-terials not specified shall be selecte
40、d by the contractor or cratebuilder and shall be subject to all provisions of this specifica-tion (see Section 11). Materials shall be free of defects, whichadversely affect performance or serviceability of the finishedproduct.7.2 LumberLumber components shall conform to PracticeD 6199, PS20, or the
41、 NHLA rules. All lumber sizes specifiedherein shall be nominal and shall be the minimum acceptablesizes for lumber components. Lumber components shall have atarget thickness and width uniform in dimension and 50 % ofcomponents shall meet or exceed the target dimensions at thetime of component manufa
42、cture.7.3 PlywoodPlywood shall conform to PS1 or ANSI/HPVAHP-1.All panels shall be bonded with moisture resistantadhesive and be identified as either Exposure 1 or Exterior.7.4 FastenersFasteners are classified as driven nails,bolts, lag bolts, wood screws, and metal strapping.7.4.1 NailsNails shall
43、 be in accordance with SpecificationF 1667 and other industry standards. Nails are classified asplain-shank, helically threaded, annularly threaded, fluted, ortwisted square wire.7.4.2 StaplesStaples have either round-wire or approxi-mately square-wire legs, referring to the cross-sectional shapeof
44、the wire. Staples should be made of low carbon steel wireand galvanized.7.4.3 Bolts, Lag Bolts, Nuts and WashersBolts, lag boltsand nuts shall conform to ASME/ANSI B18.2.1, ASME/ANSIB18.5 and other industry standards. Washers shall conform toASME B18.22.l (B18.22M) and other industry standards.Stand
45、ard steel carriage bolts can be used in any of three styles:standard, slotted, or large head.7.4.4 Wood ScrewsScrews shall be inserted into the cratecomponents to be assembled with a screwdriver or screwmotion machine tool. Approximately two-thirds of the screwlength and seven times the shank diamet
46、er shall be thepenetration length into the fastening member. Where pre-drilling is required, the maximum lead-hold diameter shall bethe fastener-shank diameter, and the pilot-hole diameter shallnot be larger than the thread-root diameter.7.4.5 StrappingStrapping shall conform to SpecificationD 3953,
47、 Type 1 or 2 as applicable. Finish shall be A, B, or C.7.5 Protective CoveringFelt or film.8. Construction8.1 Nailing ProcedureSinkers, coolers, corkers, or com-mon nails shall be used. Nail sizes specified for crate fabrica-tion are based on Practice D 6199 Group I and II Woods. WhenGroup III or IV
48、 Woods are used, nail sizes may be one-pennysize smaller than those specified. The nail patterns to be usedfor nailing two flat pieces of lumber shall conform to the detailsshown in Fig. 1 or as specified herein. Unless otherwisespecified herein, the following requirements shall determinenail size,
49、placement, and quantity.8.1.1 All adjacent crate members shall be securely fastenednailed to each other, either directly or by means of thecovering.8.1.2 All nails that are not to be clinched shall be cement-coated.8.1.3 Nails shall be driven through the thinner member intothe thicker member wherever possible.8.1.4 Nails for fastening plywood to framing shall beclinched at least14 in. 6 mm. Nail heads shall always be onthe plywood side.8.1.5 When the flat faces of lumber pieces are nailedtogether a
