1、Designation: D7478/D7478M 11Standard Specification forHeavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7478/D7478M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements for two types andtwo classes of sheathed crates each of which may have twobase styles. The crates
3、are designed for net loads not exceeding30 000 pounds lb 13 607 kg and to withstand the most severeoverseas shipping and storage conditions.1.2 The crates described by this specification are intended toprotect items from atmospheric elements during shipment andstorage. They are designed to withstand
4、 the rough handling oflogistic operations including stacking and outside storage for aprolonged period.1.3 Class 1 and 2 crates may be used interchangeably asdesired. However, the Class 2 crate should be used whenweight is a prime consideration, as the lack of diagonals andthinner plywood sheathing
5、results in a lighter crate.1.4 Demountable crates, Type II, should be used wheneverit is expected that the contained item will require reshipping toanother destination.1.5 Sill bases, Style B, are intended for items that projectbelow their mounting points, such as disassembled vehicles.1.6 If the us
6、e of other construction method or techniques isacceptable and permitted (see 5.10), the resulting packagingsystems shall be of equal or better performance than wouldresult from the use of these specified materials and procedures.The appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D4169can be u
7、sed to develop comparative procedures and criteria.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from
8、 the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion ofunits.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
9、and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shippin
10、g Con-tainers and SystemsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat StrappingMaterialsD6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-ers and PalletsD6253 Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of WoodPack
11、aging MaterialsF1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,and StaplesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of International Sys-tem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Standards:PS 1 Voluntary Product Standard, Structural Plywood3PS
12、 20 American Softwood Lumber Standard42.3 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association Standard:5ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2004 American National Standard forHardwood and Decorative Plywood2.4 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Stan-dard:6NHLA Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hard-wood and Cypre
13、ss1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on ShippingContainers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 2008. La
14、st previous edition approved in 2008 as D7478/D7478M-08.DOI: 10.1520/D7478_D7478M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page onthe ASTM website.3Available from APA, The Engineered Wood Association, 7011 South 19th St.,Tacoma, WA 984665399, http:/www.apawood.org.4Available from American Lumber Standards Committee, Inc., (ALSC), P.O.Box 210, Germantown, MD 208750210, http:/www.alsc.org.5Available from Hardwood Plywood
16、and Veneer Association (HPVA), P.O. Box2789, Reston, VA 220900789, http:/www.hpva.org.6Available from National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA), 6830 Ra-leigh LaGrange Rd., Memphis, TN 38134, http:/www.natlhardwood.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
17、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.5 ASME Standards:7ASME B18.2.1-2010 Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and AskewHead Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, LobedHead, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)ASME B18.2.2-2010 Nuts for General Applications: Ma-chine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Cou-pling Nu
18、ts (Inch Series)ASME B18.2.3.8M - 1981 Metric Hex Lag ScrewsASME B18.2.4.3M-1979 Metric Slotted Hex NutsASME B18.5-2008 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)ASME B18.5.2.2M-1982 Metric Round head Square NeckBoltsASME B18.22M-1981 Metric Plain WashersASME B18.21.1-2009 Washers: Helical Spring-Lock,Tooth Loc
19、k, and Plain Washers (Inch Series)2.6 International Standard:8ISPM 15 International Standards for Phytosanitary Mea-sures Publication No. 15 (ISPM 15), Regulation of WoodPackaging Material in International Trade3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environm
20、ents are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This StandardThecrate component parts discussed herein were selected on thebasis of part function. Alternate names are sometimes used byindustry.3.2.1 diagonalsdiagonals are frame members positionedbetween parallel frame members
21、 and placed at nearly 45angles to them. Diagonals serve as braces and ensure rigidity inthe crate.3.2.2 end frame membersend frame members are similarto side frame members but perpendicular to the long dimen-sion.3.2.3 filler stripsfiller strips are boards placed across theends of thin, non-load-bea
22、ring floorboards, which serve to fillthe space below the lower frame member of the crate sides.3.2.4 frame membersframe members are those partswhich form the fundamental crate structure upon which thestrength and rigidity of a lumber-sheathed crate depends.3.2.5 hanger-metalhanger-metal is a metal n
23、ailed strapused to aid in support of the intermediate sill in sill-type bases.3.2.6 headersheaders are either transverse members ateach end of skid bases or longitudinal members at each end oftop joists. Headers in bases serve to hold the base together asa unit, to transfer loads to outside skids, a
24、nd to provide afastening member for end panels. Headers in top panels serveto position and support joists and to provide a fasteningmember for side panels.3.2.7 horizontal braceshorizontal braces are memberspositioned between struts and parallel to the upper and lowerframe members and serve to reduc
25、e the unsupported span ofthe sheathing.3.2.8 joistsjoists are members extending across the crateunderneath the top, which serve to support and transfer verticalstacking loads to the side panels. Joists also serve to preventcrushing or buckling of crate tops when slings or grab hooksare used.3.2.9 la
26、g screw straplag screw strap is a metal reinforcingstrap used on bolted crates sides and ends to reinforce andincrease lag screw lateral resistance.3.2.10 load-bearing floorboardsload-bearing floorboardsare transverse base members which serve to distribute andtransfer loads to the outside skids.3.2.
27、11 rubbing stripsrubbing strips are longitudinal mem-bers nailed to the skid bottom to provide for sling and forklifttruck handling.3.2.12 sheathingsheathing is the plywood or boardsnailed to the frame members and enclose the crate. Sheathingused on the top panels is called top sheathing; that used
28、on theside or end panels is called side or end sheathing; that nailed tothe top of skids is called flooring; and that nailed to the bottomof sills is called bottom sheathing.3.2.13 side frame membersside frame members are themembers of the crate top, without joists, which are parallel tothe long dim
29、ension and serve as fastening members and to tiethe crate construction together.3.2.14 sill bridgingsill bridging are members of the samedepth as the sills, which are inserted at right angles to theintermediate sills, and serve to prevent lateral sill turning orbuckling.3.2.15 sillssills are the mem
30、bers, which with sill bridgingform the frame work of sill-type bases. Sills carry and transferloads to side panels and serve as fastening members. There areside, end, and intermediate sills.3.2.16 skidsskids are longitudinal members attached tothe crate bottom, which serve to support and transfer th
31、e loadto the side panels.3.2.17 sleeperssleepers are members underneath the floorof skid-type bases to which the item is anchored (through thefloor) so that the tie-down stress will be distributed.3.2.18 strutsstruts are vertical frame members, placedbetween the side and end panels upper and lower f
32、ramemembers, and serve as columns for supporting vertical stack-ing loads. The end struts are sometimes referred to as cornerposts.3.2.19 upper and lower frame membersupper and lowerframe members are those horizontal members at the top andbottom of the side and end panels which serve to tie theconst
33、ruction together.3.2.20 vertical joist supportsvertical joist supports arevertical members attached to the crate sides inside face, whichserve to support the joists and assist the struts in supportingvertical stacking loads.4. Classification4.1 Crates shall be of the following types, classes, andsty
34、les:4.2 Type:4.2.1 Type INailed.4.2.2 Type IIBolted.4.3 Class:7Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 100165990, http:/www.asme.org.8Available from the International Plant Protection Convention, www.ippc.intD7478/
35、D7478M 1124.3.1 Class 1Lumber sheathed.4.3.2 Class 2Plywood sheathed.4.4 Style:4.4.1 Style ASkid base.4.4.2 Style BSill base.5. Ordering Information5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred permitted optionsand include the following information in procurement docu-ments:5.2 Specification title, num
36、ber, and date.5.3 Crate type, class, and style (see Section 4).5.4 Contents weight.5.5 Crate dimensions specified in order of length by widthby depth.5.6 When inspection doors are required.5.7 When top, sides, and ends shall be assembled with nailsand the entire assembly bolted to the base.5.8 Wheth
37、er crates are to be shipped assembled or knockeddown.5.9 Whether other construction methods or techniques areacceptable and permitted (see 1.6).5.10 Whether proof that other constructions methods ortechniques are acceptable (see 1.6) is required.5.11 If packaging is other than as specified.5.12 When
38、 ISPM 15 compliance is required (see 12.1).6. General Requirements6.1 Crate LoadingWhen crates are furnished as filledcontainers, the extent of contents disassembly, the anchoring,blocking, and lifting attachments application shall be in accor-dance with this specifications Supplemental Requirements
39、.6.2 Dimensions:6.2.1 Inside DimensionInside crate length or width is thedistance between opposite struts inner surfaces. Inside height isthe distance between skid base floorboards or sill bases silltops and the underside of top joists or framing members.6.2.2 Outside DimensionsOutside dimensions ar
40、e thecrate, or its contents, overall length, width, and height, which-ever is greater. Actual dimensions, except in designing, arecorrected whole inches 25 mm increments, any fraction lessthan12 in. 13 mm being disregarded, and any fraction of12in. 13 mm or greater being considered a full inch 25 mm
41、increment.6.2.3 Cubic DisplacementCrate cubic displacement iscalculated from the outside dimensions in inches millimetresand is stated in cubic feet cubic metres.6.2.4 LimitationsThe crate exterior dimensions shall notexceed the following limitations:6.2.4.1 Length30 ft 9144 mm.6.2.4.2 Width9 ft 274
42、3 mm.6.2.4.3 Height10 ft 3048 mm.6.2.5 Interior ClearanceA clearance of not less than 2 in.50 mm shall be allowed between the item and the closestside, end, or top crate member. Additional clearances may beprovided for shock-mounted items. Protruding parts at the topmay be allowed to extend between
43、joists; joist spacing may beadjusted slightly to accommodate projections.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 MaterialsMaterials shall be as specified herein. Ma-terials not specified shall be selected by the contractor or cratebuilder and shall be subject to all provisions of this specifica-tion (see Se
44、ction 11). Materials shall be free of defects, whichadversely affect performance or serviceability of the finishedproduct.7.2 LumberLumber components shall conform to PracticeD6199, PS 20,ortheNHLA Rules. All lumber sizes specifiedherein shall be nominal and shall be the minimum acceptablesizes for
45、lumber components. Lumber components shall have atarget thickness and width uniform in dimension and 50 % ofcomponents shall meet or exceed the target dimensions at thetime of component manufacture.7.3 PlywoodPlywood shall conform to PS 1 or ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2004. All panels shall be bonded with moist
46、ureresistant adhesive and be identified as either Exposure 1 orExterior.7.4 FastenersFasteners are classified as driven nails,bolts, lag bolts, wood screws, and metal strapping.7.4.1 NailsNails shall be in accordance with SpecificationF1667 and other industry standards. Nails are classified asplain-
47、shank, helically threaded, annularly threaded, fluted, ortwisted square wire.7.4.2 StaplesStaples have either round-wire or approxi-mately square-wire legs, referring to the cross-sectional shapeof the wire. Staples should be made of low carbon steel wireand galvanized.7.4.3 Bolts, Lag Bolts, Nuts a
48、nd WashersBolts, lag bolts,nuts and washers shall conform to industry standards, includ-ing the following:ASME B18.2.1-2010 (ASME B18.2.3.8M-1981),ASME B18.5-2008 (ASME B18.5.2.2M-1982),ASME B18.2.2-2010 (ASME B18.2.4.3M-1979), andASME B18.21.1-2009 (ASME B18.22M-1981).Standard steel carriage bolts
49、can be used in any of threestyles: standard, slotted, or large head.7.4.4 Wood ScrewsScrews shall be inserted into the cratecomponents to be assembled with a screwdriver or screwmotion machine tool. Approximately two-thirds of the screwlength and seven times the shank diameter shall be thepenetration length into the fastening member. Where pre-drilling is required, the maximum lead-hold diameter shall bethe fastener-shank diameter, and the pilot-hole diameter shallnot be larger than the thread-root diame
