1、Designation: D7483 13a (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived KinematicViscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7483; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamicviscos
3、ity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, suchas new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of anoscillating piston viscometer.1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was de-veloped using Newtonian liquids.1.3 The rang
4、e of dynamic viscosity covered by this testmethod is from 0.2 mPas to 20 000 mPas (which is approxi-mately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between40 C to 190 C; however the precision has been determinedonly for new and used oils in the
5、 range of 34 mPas to1150 mPas at 40 C, 5.7 mPas to 131 mPas at 100 C, and46.5 mm2/s to 436 mm2/s at 40 C.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
6、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with inte
7、rnationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445
8、 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling
9、 of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvementof Expected Agr
10、eement Between Two Test Methods thatPurport to Measure the Same Property of a MaterialD6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petro-leum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants TestingLaboratories2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO/EC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibratio
11、n Laboratories2.3 NIST Standard:4NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating andExpressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the di
12、rect responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7483 13a. DOI:10.1520/D7483-13AR17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
13、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20
14、, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.4Available from http:/physics.nist.gov/ccu/Uncertainty/index.html.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p
15、rinciples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.1 dynamic viscosity (), nthe ratio between the appliedshear stress
16、and rate of shear of a liquid.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity or, simply, viscosity. Thus, dynamic viscos-ity is a measure of the resistance to flow or to deformation ofa liquid under external shear forces.3.1.1.2 DiscussionThe term dynamic viscosity can
17、also beused in a different context to denote a frequency-dependantquantity in which shear stress and shear rate have a sinusoidaltime dependence.3.1.2 kinematic viscosity (), nthe ratio of the dynamicviscosity () to the density () of a liquid.3.1.2.1 DiscussionFor gravity flow under a given hydro-st
18、atic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to itsdensity, (). Therefore the kinematic viscosity, (), is a measureof the resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity.3.1.3 rate of shear (shear rate), nin liquid flow, thevelocity gradient across the liquid.3.1.4 shear stress, nthe force
19、per unit area in the directionof the flow.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for shear stress is the pascal(Pa).3.1.5 density (), nmass per unit volume.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 oscillating piston viscometer, na device that mea-sures the travel time of a piston driven elect
20、romagnetically intostationary oscillating motion through a liquid at a controlledforce in order to determine the dynamic viscosity of the liquid.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen of sample is placed in the thermallycontrolled measurement chamber where the piston resides. Thepiston is driven in
21、to oscillatory motion within the measurementchamber by a controlled magnetic field. Once the sample is atthe test temperature, as determined by the temperature detector,the piston is propelled repeatedly through the liquid (by themagnetic field). A shear stress (ranging from 5 Pa to 750 Pa) isimpose
22、d on the liquid under test due to the piston travel. Thedynamic viscosity is determined by measuring the averagetravel time of the piston. The kinematic viscosity is derived byadditionally measuring the ratio between the up and downtravel times. This information is then applied to a calibrationcurve
23、 using liquids of known viscosity to calculate the dynamicviscosity. The kinematic viscosity is derived by an externallymeasured density by additionally measuring the ratio betweenthe up and down travel times. The precision and bias data forkinematic viscosity (as published in RR:D02-17555) werederi
24、ved by externally measured density and do not apply to theinternal density measurement.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleummaterials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compres-sor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation ofthis equipment
25、 depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measure-ment of a broad range of materials including transparent,translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle andstainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Vis-cometer resistan
26、t to damage and suitable for portable opera-tions. The measurement itself is automatic and does not requirean operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electro-magnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test.The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mLandtypical s
27、olvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizescleanup effort and waste.6. Apparatus6.1 Oscillating Piston Viscometer:6,76.1.1 The oscillating piston viscometer (see Fig. 1) com-prises a measurement chamber and calibrated piston capable ofmeasuring the dynamic viscosity within the limits of precisi
28、ongiven in Section 16.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1755. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.6The Oscillating Piston Viscometer is covered by a patent. Interested parties areinvited to submit in
29、formation regarding the identification of an alternative to thispatented item to the ASTM International headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, whichyou may attend.FIG. 1 Viscometer with ElectronicsD7483 13a (2017)26.1.2 Pist
30、onFree moving, magnetically driven bodywithin a Oscillating Piston Viscometer which is used formeasuring the viscosity of liquids. Individual pistons are sizedto measure specific viscosity ranges by varying the sensorannulus. See Table 1 for the selection of the piston accordingto the viscosity rang
31、e.6.1.3 Measurement ChamberLocation within OscillatingPiston Viscometer where piston motion (through the liquidunder test) occurs due to an imposed electromagnetic field. SeeFig. 2.6.1.4 ElectronicsCapable of controlling the electromag-netic field to propel and detect the travel time of the piston w
32、itha discrimination of 0.01 s or better and uncertainty within60.07 %. The travel time is calibrated to be between 0.4 s and60 s, at a distance of 5 mm.6.1.5 Temperature Controlled JacketSufficient for main-taining measurement chamber temperature within 60.06 C.6.1.6 Temperature Measuring DeviceIndu
33、strial platinumresistance thermometer (IPRT) or equivalent sensor with amaximum permissible error of 60.02 C. It is recommended,that the temperature measuring device be verified with anindependent, calibrated temperature probe at the test tempera-ture.6.2 Temperature Regulation System:6.2.1 Any liqu
34、id bath or thermoelectric means for regulatingthe jacket temperature.6.2.2 The temperature control must be such that the tem-perature of the measurement chamber is held within 60.06 Cof the desired measurement temperature.6.3 Sample Introduction MechanismA syringe,micropipette, or flow-through adapt
35、er for introducing between3.2 mL and 5 mL, inclusive by pressure, into the measurementchamber.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Certified viscosity reference standards shall be certifiedby a laboratory that has been shown to meet the requirementsof ISO/EC 17025 by independent assessment. Viscosity stan-d
36、ards shall be traceable to master viscometer proceduresdescribed in Practice D2162.7.2 The uncertainty of the certified viscosity referencestandard shall be stated for each certified value (k = 2, 95 %confidence). See ISO/EC 17025 or NIST TN 1297.7.2.1 The certified viscosity reference should have a
37、 pub-lished viscosity in accordance with Test Method D445 orequivalent means that is close to that of the liquids being testedat the test temperature. For example, if intended measurementsare to be made from 5 mPas to 25 mPas at 100 C, then areference oil viscosity of 15 mPas at 100 C would be appro
38、-priate.7.3 Cleaning solvents miscible with the sample and chemi-cally compatible with the wetted viscometer components (suchas alcohols, toluene, etc.). These wetted components aretypically 316L and 430 Stainless Steel.7.4 Quality control (QC) liquid similar to 7.1, but withviscosity values interna
39、lly certified as noted in 12.2.8. Sampling, Samples, and Test Units8.1 Ensure that the sample is homogenous. Engine samplingis generally specified in the test method, for example TestMethod D5967. When applicable, refer to Practice D4057(manual) or Practice D4177 (automatic) for proper samplingtechn
40、iques.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Place the viscometer on a stable surface.9.2 Select the viscosity output units. If kinematic viscosityis selected, some apparatus will internally determine density toderive kinematic viscosity. Otherwise, enter the known densityand operate the unit according to t
41、he procedure in Section 13.9.3 Verify calibration accuracy by testing a reference stan-dard or QC liquid at the test temperature. Follow the procedurein Section 13.10. Calibration and Standardization10.1 Calibrate according to manufacturers instructions toobtain a calibration curve (using two test l
42、iquids with refer-enced viscosity values near, but within, the extremes of thepiston range being used).7The sole sources of supply for the apparatus known to the committee at thistime is Cambridge Viscosity Inc., 101 Station Landing, Medford, MA 02155(). If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pl
43、easeprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.TABLE 1 Viscosity Ranges of Oscillating Viscometer PistonsMinimum Viscosity (mPas ) Maximum Viscosity (mPas ) Pist
44、on Designation Nominal Piston Diameter (mm) Recommended Sample Volume(mL)0.02 2 SP20 7.87 3.250.25 5 SP50 7.83 3.250.5 10 SP11 7.81 3.251 20 SP21 7.76 3.552.5 50 SP51 7.68 3.555 100 SP12 7.62 3.5510 200 SP22 7.54 3.5525 500 SP52 7.34 3.5550 1000 SP13 7.21 4.05100 2000 SP23 6.96 4.05250 5000 SP53 6.2
45、7 4.05500 10 000 SP14 6.05 4.051000 20 000 SP24 5.72 4.05D7483 13a (2017)310.2 Certified Viscosity Standards may be used as confir-matory checks on the procedure in the laboratory. This proce-dure is outlined in Section 13. If the dynamic viscosity result,at the calibration test point, does not agre
46、e with the certifiedvalue within the limits of precision in Section 16, each step inthe procedure should be rechecked, as well as the temperaturemeasuring device and viscometer calibration, to locate thesource of error. If the source is not detected, consult themanufacturer.11. Sample Conditioning11
47、.1 Shake all new and used oil samples using the followingprocedure.11.1.1 Ensure cap is tight on the container.11.1.2 Shake vigorously by hand for 30 s. Wait 10 s, orlonger if needed, for air bubbles to dissipate.11.1.3 A specimen of the sample shall be taken by pipette,pouring or pumping. Suspected
48、 nonhomogeneous samplesmust be conveyed for analysis promptly following the shakingand dissipation procedure of step 11.1.2.12. Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA)12.1 Confirm proper performance of the instrument and thetest procedure by analyzing reference oil as QC sample.12.2 If suitable re
49、ference oil is not available, prepare a QCsample by replicate analyses of a batch of oil sample. Thenstatistically analyze the data to assign a mean value anduncertainty limit to the sample.12.3 When QC/QA protocols are already established in thetesting facility, these may be used to confirm the reliability ofthe test result.12.4 When there is no QC/QA protocol established in thetesting facility, guidance may be obtained from PracticeD6792.13. Procedure13.1 Verify or set the temperature control
