1、Designation: D 7514 09Standard Test Method forEvaluating Ink Stainblocking of Architectural Paint Systemsby Visual Assessment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides a method for evaluating theability of an architectural paint system to block ink
3、 stains frommarkers and writing instruments from bleeding through aprimer into a topcoat.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
4、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof
5、Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD 1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Forma-tion of Organic Coatings at Room TemperatureE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precis
6、ion of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 stainblocking, nthe ability of a paint or coating toprevent stains from bleeding through into the top finish.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A substrate, typically a painted surface or an uncoatedbuilding material, is stained using a series of ink
7、 writingimplements.4.2 The stained substrate is coated with the test paints andallowed to dry for a specified interval.4.3 The test paints are top-coated with a wall paint and thetest paint/topcoat system is evaluated for stainblocking effec-tiveness.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard may be u
8、sed by paint companies and rawmaterial suppliers to assess effectiveness of interior architec-tural primers for blocking stains from bleeding through to atopcoat.5.2 In practice, different ink-stained substrates may givevarious results for stainblocking performance for a primer andtopcoat system. As
9、 such, this test method may be used for anumber of different ink-stained surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 Film applicator, such as a drawdown bar, capable ofapplying 0.075 to 0.100 mm (3 to 4 mil) wet film thicknesswith a minimum film width as needed to cover the test areadefined in 9.2.6.2 Ruler or suitabl
10、e straight edge instrument.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Substrate desired for testing. The substrate must be ableto accept a variety of ink marks and must have a uniform flatsurface to enable paint films to be applied with a drawdown barapplicator.Asealed drawdown chart coated with a base paint isco
11、mmonly used.7.2 Staining media selected from among the followingmaterials:7.2.1 Permanent marker.7.2.2 Washable marker.7.2.3 Dry erase marker.7.2.4 Ink pen.7.2.5 Highlighter.7.2.6 Other suitable writing implements as agreed uponbetween purchaser and seller.NOTE 1Parties involved in comparing ink sta
12、inblocking results be-tween laboratories must ensure the selected writing implements are froma common supply. This is important as inks may produce different stainingeffects depending on their age, storage conditions, or manufactured lot.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published February 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
14、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Additionally, it may be useful when repl
15、acing ink pens or markers with anew supply to conduct a comparison of old and new to validate if new inkstainblocking results will correlate to historical findings.8. Hazards8.1 The user of this standard should refer to appropriateMSDS for hazards associated with handling of paint samples orother la
16、boratory items used as specified in this standard.9. Procedure9.1 Substrate Preparation:9.1.1 If the primer/topcoat system is to be evaluated directlyover an existing substrate that will accept ink stains, proceeddirectly to the ink-staining procedure in 9.1.3.9.1.2 If no specific substrate is ident
17、ified for the evaluation,a test substrate shall be prepared by coating a drawdown chartwith a suitable basecoat as follows.9.1.2.1 Select a paint to use as a basecoat. Any commer-cially available white flat wall paint may be used for thispurpose.NOTE 2Because different basecoat paints will vary in h
18、ow they acceptthe ink stains, performance can only be compared for tests using the samesubstrate system.9.1.2.2 Apply the selected basecoat paint to an all-whitesealed drawdown chart to achieve a wet-film thickness ofapproximately 0.075 mm (3.0 mils). The application shall beconducted in accordance
19、with any appropriate practice de-scribed in Practices D 823.9.1.2.3 The basecoat paint must cover enough of the widthof the drawdown chart to enable smooth passage of thedrawdown bar for subsequent coats of test paint. The progres-sion of paint applications for this standard beginning with thebaseco
20、at application is represented in Fig. 1.9.1.2.4 Allow basecoat paint to dry overnight. Environmen-tal conditions during drying of the basecoat paint are notcritical to the end test result, however, the basecoat paintshould be Dry-Through as described in Test Methods D 1640before continuing.9.1.3 Usi
21、ng a straight edge as a guide, make a series of solidstain lines perpendicular to the direction of the drawdown withvarious ink markers and pens as specified in 7.2. It is generallysuggested to select inks of varying chemical composition suchas those having different carrier solvents.9.1.4 A minimum
22、 of 2 colors of each marker and pen isrecommended. Leave a minimum of 3 mm unstained areabetween each stain line.NOTE 3Selecting a variety of colors for each stain is recommended asthis gives an indication of a coating systems stainblocking ability using acommon ink composition but with varying pigm
23、entation. In practice, threeFIG. 1 Progression of Paint ApplicationsD7514092or more colors are often selected to represent each ink.9.1.5 If the test will be run using Method A as described in9.2.6.1, the distance between the top and bottom stain lines onthe test chart should not exceed the practica
24、l application widthof the film applicator selected for applying the topcoat.9.1.6 Allow the marker and ink stains to dry minimum ofovernight before proceeding.NOTE 4The duration of ink drying should be agreed upon beforebeginning the test. Additionally, stained panels should be stored in anenvironme
25、nt with limited natural light exposure.9.2 Application of Test Paint System:9.2.1 Application of test paint systems shall be conducted inaccordance with Blade Film Application techniques describedin Practice E of Practices D 823.9.2.2 Using an appropriate film applicator, apply a 0.075 to0.100 mm (3
26、 to 4 mil) wet film of the test paint or primersample(s) perpendicular to the direction of the ink stains. Becareful to ensure the edges of the drawdown bar remain on thesurface of the substrate or basecoat along the entire length ofthe drawdown path. It is recommended to include a controlpaint or a
27、 paint of known ink stainblocking performance inaddition to the test paint samples.NOTE 5Generally this test method is conducted as a comparison oftwo test paint systems with a single topcoat. However, additional testpaints may be simultaneously applied as described in 9.2.2 taking intoconsideration
28、 the available width of the selected film applicator andsubstrate.9.2.3 Allow test paints to dry for 2 hours or other agreedupon time interval. Selected drying time should match orexceed the recommended drying time for the test paint. Ifdrying time is uncertain, it can be determined using TestMethod
29、s D 1640.9.2.4 If the test paint system is designed for use without anadditional topcoat, proceed directly to final evaluation de-scribed in Section 10.9.2.5 Select a paint to use as a topcoat. The topcoat paintshould represent a paint that would be applied over the testpaints in practice. If evalua
30、ting a self-priming system, the testpaint itself may be used as the topcoat.9.2.6 Complete the panel by applying the selected topcoatusing a film applicator to achieve a 0.075 to 0.100 mm (3 to 4mil) wet film.9.2.6.1 Method AThe topcoat drawdown is cast so that itis parallel to the applied direction
31、 of the ink stains on thesubstrate.9.2.6.2 Method BThe topcoat drawdown is cast so that itis perpendicular to the applied direction of the ink stains on thesubstrate.NOTE 6Method A is preferred when the test paint samples vary in dryfilm thickness or when more than two test paints are applied to the
32、 sametest panel. Method B is preferred when the evaluator wishes to visuallyexamine the un-topcoated section of test paint.9.2.7 Allow the panel to dry for 2 hours before finalevaluation.10. Calculation or Interpretation of Results10.1 Visually evaluate each marker or ink stain type on thepanel usin
33、g a standard 0 to 10 rating scale. Ratings may beassigned between the rating guidelines below based on judg-ment of the evaluator:10 Excellent. Staining is not visible through the topcoat. No stain is visible.8 Very good. Slight staining. Approximately 20 % of stain is visible.6 Good. Moderate stain
34、ing. Approximately 40 % of stain is visible.4 Fair. Moderate to heavy staining. Approximately 60 % of stain is visible.2 Marginal. Heavy staining. Approximately 80 % of stain is visible.0 Poor. Severe staining. Stain progressed through topcoat easily.10.2 Record the individual score for each stain a
35、nd colortype.11. Report11.1 Rate each stain individually and report the averageoverall score across all stains.11.2 Optional Rating Schemes:11.2.1 The average score for each type of writing instrumentused.11.2.2 The total score based on summation of averages foreach writing instrument (a maximum 40
36、points when four typesof writing instruments are used).12. Precision and Bias312.1 The precision of this test method is based on singlelaboratory test data of Test Method D 7514 conducted in 2008.Nine to thirteen replicate test results were measured for fourdifferent ink delivery systems over two te
37、st coatings. Every“test result” reported represents an individual determination ofthe stainblocking rating. Except for the use of only a singlelaboratory, Practice E 691 was followed for the design andanalysis of the data; the details are given in ASTM ResearchReport No. D011146.12.1.1 Repeatability
38、 Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the “r” value for that material; “r”istheinterval representing the critical difference between two testresults for the same material, obtained by the same operatorusing the same equipme
39、nt on the same day in the samelaboratory.12.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D011146.TABLE 1 Stainblocking Rating (rating units, 0 to 10 scale)AverageRepeatability
40、StandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitx srrTest Paint AMarks-A-Lot 8.3 0.28 0.8Dry Erase 9.6 0.22 0.6Crayola 8.0 0.22 0.6Ballpoint Ink 9.1 0.22 0.6Test Paint BMarks-A-Lot 8.2 0.24 0.7Dry Erase 9.6 0.45 1.3Crayola 7.1 0.58 1.6Ballpoint Ink 8.8 0.38 1.1D751409312.1.2 Reproducibility limits cannot be calc
41、ulated from theresults obtained in only one laboratory. An interlaboratorystudy is being organized to determine reproducibility limits.12.1.3 The above terms (repeatability and reproducibilitylimit) are used as specified in Practice E 177.12.1.4 Any judgement in accordance with statement 12.1.1would
42、 have an approximate 95 % probability of being correct,however the precision statistics obtained in this ILS must notbe treated as exact mathematical quantities which are appli-cable to all circumstances and uses. The limited number ofmaterials tested and laboratories reporting results guaranteestha
43、t there will be times when differences greater than predictedby the ILS results will arise, sometimes with considerablygreater or smaller frequency than the 95 % probability limitwould imply. The repeatability limit and the reproducibilitylimit should be considered as general guides, and the associ-
44、ated probability of 95 % as only a rough indicator of what canbe expected.12.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.12.3 The precision statement was determined through
45、 sta-tistical examination of 88 results from one laboratory, on fourdifferent inks for two coating systems. To judge the equiva-lency of two test results, it is recommended to choose the inkmaterial closest in characteristics to the test ink.13. Keywords13.1 architectural primer; bleed-through; stai
46、nblockingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such ri
47、ghts, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additiona
48、l standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the AST
49、M Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D7514094
