1、Designation: D7544 12 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forPyrolysis Liquid Biofuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquidbiofuel produced from biomass intended for use in varioustypes of fuel-burning equipment
3、 under various climatic andoperating conditions. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burnersequipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting therequirements listed for Grade G in Table 1.The pyrolysis liquidbiofuel listed under Grade G in Tab
4、le 1 is not intended for usein residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, ormarine applications.1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrialburners requiring lower solids and ash content and which areequipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting therequirements
5、listed for Grade D in Table 1.The pyrolysis liquidbiofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for usein residential heaters, engines, or marine applications notmodified to handle these types of fuels.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the physical, chemical,and performance prop
6、erties identified in this specification, see AppendixX1.1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchaseof pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers ofthis type of fuel.1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observanceof national or local regulations, which may
7、 be more restrictive.NOTE 2The generation and dissipation of static electricity may createproblems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are inclu
8、ded in thisstandard.1.4.1 ExceptionBTU units are included for informationonly in 3.1.5.1.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and enviro
9、nmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standard
10、s, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD240 Test Method for Heat
11、 of Combustion of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Dens
12、ity, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handlin
13、g of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD7579 Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyroly-sis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in MethanolE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass Electrode1This speci
14、fication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyap
15、proved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D754412.DOI:10.1520/D7544-12R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
16、mary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principle
17、s for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitration3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bulk
18、 fuel, nfuel in the storage facility in quantitiesover 190 L.3.1.2 char, nfine carbonaceous powder that is separatedfrom the vapors of biomass during pyrolysis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionPyrolysis liquid biofuel contains uni-formly suspended char.3.1.3 commercial burner, ndevice which produces heat forcommer
19、cial use through the combustion of liquid fuels.3.1.3.1 DiscussionCommercial burners are typically de-signed for processes that provide direct heating. Commercialboilers or heaterssmall to medium indirect heating unitswhich transfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gasesfor use in heating
20、in commercial settings, power generation andin manufacturing processes. These boilers can be classified assmall or medium commercial boilers with a heat input ofbetween 10.5 GJh to 105 GJ/h (10 to 100 106 BTU/h).3.1.4 fuel degradation products, nthose materials that areformed in fuel during extended
21、 storage or exposure to hightemperatures.3.1.4.1 DiscussionDuring storage, reactive organic com-pounds in pyrolysis liquid can act together to form largermolecules (fuel degradation products), which can becomeinsoluble or increase the fuel viscosity, or both.3.1.5 industrial burner, ndevice which pr
22、oduces heat forindustrial use through the combustion of liquid fuels.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIndustrial burners are typically de-signed for one of two applications: (1) industrial furnacesintegral components of manufacturing processes that providedirect heating; for example, in aggregate, cement, lime, or
23、phosphate kilns; coke ovens; or blast, smelting, melting,refining, or drying ovens and (2) industrial boilerslargeindirect heating units which transfer thermal energy to water orother fluids or gases for use in heating in industrial settings,power generation and in manufacturing processes. Theseboil
24、ers can be classified as utility/large industrial boilers with aheat input greater than 105 GJ/h (100 106 BTU/h) or smallindustrial boilers with a heat input of between 10.5 GJh to105 GJh (10 to 100 106 BTUh).3.1.6 long-term storagestorage of fuel for longer than3 months after it is received by the
25、user.3.1.7 medium-term storagestorage of fuel for up to3 months after it is received by the user.3.1.7.1 DiscussionIt is recommended that fuel be con-sumed within 6 months of receipt.3.1.8 pyrolysis, nchemical decomposition of organic ma-terials by heating in the absence of oxygen.3.1.9 pyrolysis li
26、quid biofuel, nliquid product from thepyrolysis of biomass.3.1.9.1 DiscussionPyrolysis liquid biofuel is comprised ofa complex mixture of the decomposition products of renewableresources such as ligno-cellulosic biomass including highlyoxygenated organic compounds. It is produced from thepyrolysis o
27、f biomass, followed by the rapid condensation of itsvapors.3.1.10 pyrolysis solids, nsolid particles contained withinthe pyrolysis liquid biofuel.3.1.10.1 DiscussionPyrolysis solids is comprised of ashand char.4. General Requirements4.1 The pyrolysis liquid biofuel specified in this specifica-tion s
28、hall remain uniform in medium-term storage and notseparate by gravity into layers.NOTE 3Long-term storage or equipment down time can necessitatecirculation of pyrolysis liquid biofuel in-tank to prevent such separation.The buyer and seller should agree on any requirements for long-termstorage. If mi
29、nor separation occurs during medium-term storage, mildagitation or product circulation should reverse such separation.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel shallconform to the detailed requirements shown in Table 1.5.2 The properties selected for limitation are t
30、hose that arebelieved to be of the greatest significance in obtaining accept-able performance of the burner.6. Sampling6.1 Review all intended test methods prior to sampling tounderstand the importance and effects of sampling technique,proper containers, and special handling required for each testme
31、thod. See Table 2.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Pyrolysis Liquid BiofuelsProperty Test Method Grade G Grade DGross Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg, min D240 15 15Water Content, % mass, max E203 30 30Pyrolysis Solids Content, % mass, max D7579 2.5 0.25Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C, mm2/s, max D445A125 12
32、5Density at 20 C, kg/dm3D4052 1.11.3 1.11.3Sulfur Content, % mass, max D4294 0.05 0.05Ash Content, % mass, max D482 0.25 0.15pH. E70 Report ReportFlash Point,C, min D93, Procedure B 45 45Pour Point,C, max D97 9 9AWithout filtering.D7544 12 (2017)26.2 As indicated in 4.1, during medium-term storage,
33、py-rolysis liquid biofuel shall remain uniform and not separateinto layers. Note, however, that separation may occur duringlong-term storage. Therefore, samples should be well mixedwhen transferring from the primary sampling process orcontainer, or both, to another container or analytical apparatus,
34、or both. Sampling from an active circulation loop or a wellmixed or agitated tank is preferred. Refer to Practice D5854 formore guidance on mixing and handling samples.6.3 Sample SizeA minimum of 1 L is recommended.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determin
35、ed in accordance with the following test methods:7.1.1 Gross Heat of CombustionTest Method D240.7.1.2 Water ContentTest Method E203.7.1.3 Pyrolysis Solids ContentSee Test Method D7579.7.1.4 Kinematic ViscosityTest Method D445.7.1.5 DensityTest Method D4052.7.1.6 SulfurTest Method D4294.7.1.7 Ash Con
36、tentTest Method D482.7.1.8 pHTest Method E70.7.1.9 Flash PointTest Method D93.7.1.10 Pour PointTest Method D97.8. Keywords8.1 pyrolysis liquid biofuel; bio-oil; pyrolysis oil; pyoil;py-oil; bio-crude-oil; bio-fuel-oil; wood liquids; burner fuel;renewable energy; alternative energy; fuel oils; furnac
37、e oilsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFIED PROPERTIES FOR PYROLYSIS LIQUID BIOFUELX1.1 Heat of CombustionX1.1.1 Heat of combustion is a measure of the energycontent of pyrolysis liquid. As a reference, pyrolysis liquid hasapproximately half the heat of combustion on
38、 a volumetricbasis compared to #2, D396 fuel oil. The heat of combustion isan important basis for quantifying its monetary value and forequipment selection or design, or both.X1.2 Water ContentX1.2.1 Higher water content leads to lower overall viscosityand heat of combustion of pyrolysis liquid.X1.2
39、.2 Water content reduces the flame temperature ofpyrolysis liquid, which contributes to lower nitrogen dioxideemissions during combustion.X1.2.3 Water content higher than the limit, can cause phaseseparation, leading to a non-homogenous mixture.X1.3 Char ContentX1.3.1 Pyrolysis liquid biofuel contai
40、ns uniformly sus-pended char. Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various charconcentrations. Increasing char content may also increase theash content, viscosity and pour point of pyrolysis liquid biofueland affect the pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomizationand storage stability in a negative
41、 manner.X1.4 ViscosityX1.4.1 The viscosity of a pyrolysis liquid is a measure of itsresistance to flow. It is of major importance so that adequatepreheating facilities can be provided to permit the pyrolysisliquid to be pumped to the burner and to provide goodatomization. However, it is equally impo
42、rtant that the maxi-mum viscosity under the existing conditions be such that thepyrolysis liquid can be pumped satisfactorily from the storagetank to the preheater.X1.5 DensityX1.5.1 Density alone is of little significance as an indicationof the burning characteristics of pyrolysis liquid. However,w
43、hen used in conjunction with other properties, it is of value inmass-volume relationships.X1.6 Sulfur ContentX1.6.1 Knowledge of the sulfur content is important forevaluating the Sulfur Oxides emissions from combustingpyrolysis liquid.X1.7 Ash ContentX1.7.1 Ash is the amount of noncombustible materi
44、al inpyrolysis liquid biofuel.Ash-forming materials may be presentin pyrolysis liquid biofuel in two forms, solid particles or watersoluble metallic compounds, or both. Depending on the sizeand type (sand, char, etc.) of the solid ash particles, theseparticles can contribute to wear of burner pumps
45、and valves,and decrease fuel efficiency by fouling heat exchange surfaces.The soluble metallic compounds have little or no effect on wearor plugging, but they can contain elements that producecorrosion and deposits on boiler heating surfaces. ExcessiveTABLE 2 Typical Sampling Procedures for Containe
46、rsType of Container ProcedureStorage tanks that are well-mixed by circulation or agitation Automatic or Manual Pipeline SamplingTank cars, tank trucks, or ship tanks Dipper Sampling or All-Level SamplingD7544 12 (2017)3amounts of ash also may necessitate particulate collectionequipment for complianc
47、e with national or local air emissionregulations.X1.8 pHX1.8.1 Due to its low pH, materials which are in contactwith pyrolysis liquid shall be selected for suitability andcorrosion resistance.X1.9 Flash PointX1.9.1 The flash point of a fuel is an indication of themaximum temperature at which it can
48、be stored and handledwithout serious fire hazard.X1.10 Pour PointX1.10.1 The pour point of pyrolysis liquid is an indicationof the lowest temperature at which the pyrolysis liquid iscapable of flowing under very low forces. The pour point isprescribed in accordance with the conditions of storage and
49、use. Higher pour point fuels are permissible where heatedstorage and adequate piping facilities are provided.X2. LONG-TERM STORAGE OF PYROLYSIS LIQUIDX2.1 ScopeX2.1.1 This appendix provides guidance for consumers ofpyrolysis liquid who may wish to store quantities of the fuel forextended periods.X2.1.2 Pyrolysis liquid has adequate stability properties towithstand normal storage and use without formation of trouble-some amounts of insoluble degradation products.X2.1.3 The following suggested practices are general innature and sho
