1、Designation: D 7549 09Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High OutputConditionsCaterpillar C13 Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test procedure
3、 describedin this test method. The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides calibration and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained byot
4、her laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilizes the TMC servicesin seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army has such arequirement in some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly, this test method is written for thoselab
5、oratories that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services shouldignore those portions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information letters2issued periodicallyby the TMC may modify this test method. In addition the TMC may issue supplementary memorandarelated to
6、 the test method.1. Scope1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test proce-dure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oilperformance with regard to piston deposit formation, pistonring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustionenvironment designed to minimize exhaust emis
7、sions. This testmethod is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.31.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionsWhere there are no SI equivalent such asscrew threads, National
8、 Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory lim
9、itations prior to use. See Annex A1 forgeneral safety precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Pro
10、ductsD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity
11、)D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 976 T
12、est Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distil-late FuelsD 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current e
13、dition approved June 1, 2009. Published August 2009.2The ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method bymeans of Information Letters. Information Letters may be obtained by from theASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489,Attention: Administrato
14、r.3Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, PO Box 610,Mossville, IL 61552-0610.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
15、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of DistillateFuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D 2622 Test
16、Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD 4052 Test Method for Density and
17、 Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPote
18、ntiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D 5186 Test Method for Deter
19、mination of the AromaticContent and PolynuclearAromatic Content of Diesel Fuelsand Aviation Turbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid Chro-matographyD 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluo
20、rescenceD 5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD 6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of DieselFuels by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (SLBOCLE)D 6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engi
21、neCaterpillar1P Test ProcedureD 6987/D 6987M Test Method for Evaluation of DieselEngine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation DieselEngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Coordi
22、nating Research Council (CRC):5CRC Manual No. 203. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blind reference oil, na reference oil, the identity ofwhich is unknown by the test facility.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is a coded reference oil that issubmitted by a source independent of the test facility.D 41753.1.2 bl
23、owby, nin internal combustion engines, the com-bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enterthe crankcase. D 41753.1.3 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output ofa measuring device with respect to that of a standard.D 41753.1.4 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engine op
24、-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.D 41753.1.5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at orclose to its peak output.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis type
25、of engine is typically in-stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, andconstruction equipment. D 41753.1.6 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil, such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D 41753.1.7 non-standard test, na test that is not
26、 conducted inconformance with the requirements in the standard testmethod, such running on an uncalibrated test stand, usingdifferent test equipment, applying different equipment assem-bly procedures, or using modified operating conditions.D 41753.1.8 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char
27、-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison.3.1.8.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibratetesting facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, orto evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact withoils. D 41753.1.9 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablish
28、ed procedure.3.1.9.1 Discussion It can be any oil selected by thelaboratory conducting the test. It could be an experimentalproduct or a commercially available oil. Often, it is an oil thatis a candidate for approval against engine oil specifications(such as manufacturers or military specifications,
29、 and soforth). D 41753.1.10 wear, nthe loss of material from a surface, gener-ally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, andresulting from mechanical or chemical action or a combinationof both.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 overhead, nin internal combustion eng
30、ines, thecomponents of the valve train located in or above the cylinderhead.3.2.2 tote, na container, smaller in capacity than a gallon.3.2.3 valve train, nin internal combustion engines, theseries of components, such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms,push rods and camshaft that open and close the
31、intake andexhaust valves.3.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms:3.3.1 ACERTAdvanced Combustion Emission ReductionTechnology3.3.2 ATGCaverage top groove carbon3.3.3 ATGCOaverage top groove carbon offset3.3.4 CARBCalifornia Air Resources Board3.3.5 CATacronym for Caterpillar3.3.6 CRCCoordinating Research Coun
32、cil5Available from ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh,PA 15206-4489, Attention: Administrator.D75490923.3.7 DACAData Acquisition and Control Automation3.3.8 ECMengine control module3.3.9 EOTend of test3.3.10 HCheavy carbon3.3.11 IMPintake manifold pressure3.3.12 LClight carbon
33、3.3.13 LTMSLubricant Test Monitoring System3.3.14 MCmedium carbon3.3.15 NPTNational Pipe Thread3.3.16 OCoil consumption3.3.17 P/Npart number3.3.18 QIquality index3.3.19 RPTGCreference relative top groove carbon pro-file3.3.20 SDTGCOstandard deviation top groove carbonoutlier3.3.21 TGCtop groove carb
34、on3.3.22 ULSDultra low sulfur diesel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Caterpillar production C13diesel engine (see Annex A3 for ordering information and listof engine build parts). Test operation includes a 60-min enginewarm-up and break-in, followed by a 4-h cool down and valvela
35、sh adjustment. After the valve lash adjustment and any otherneeded adjustments, a 500-h test is begun. The engine isoperated under steady-state, rated-power conditions known togenerate excessive piston deposits or oil consumption or bothin field service. Report the total engine oil consumption as th
36、esum of the measured volumes in 50-h increments.4.2 Equip the test stand with the appropriate instrumentationto control engine speed, fuel flow, and other operating param-eters.4.3 Determine the engine oil performance by assessingpiston deposits and ring sticking, and oil consumption.4.3.1 Prior to
37、each test, clean and assemble the engine withnew cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings, bearings and certainvalve train components. All aspects of the assembly arespecified. After the test, dismantle the engine and examine andrate the parts.4.3.2 A sample of engine oil is removed and an oil additio
38、nis made at the end of each 50-h period. The volume of the oiladdition is the sum of the volume of sample plus the volume ofoil consumed by the engine.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engineoil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenanceof oil
39、 consumption under heavy-duty operating conditionsselected to accelerate deposit formation in a turbocharged,intercooled four-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with acombustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaustgas emissions.5.2 The results from this test method may be comparedagai
40、nst specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.5.3 The design of the test engine used in this test method isrepresentative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor,along with the accelerated operating conditions, needs to beconsidered when comparing test results against specificatio
41、nrequirements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine Configuration:6.1.1 Test EngineThe test engine is a production 2004Caterpillar 320 kW C13 engine, designed for heavy dutyon-highway truck use. It is an electronically controlled, turbo-charged, after-cooled, direct injected, six cylinder diesel enginewith an
42、 in-block camshaft and a four-valve per cylinderarrangement. The engine uses CaterpillarsACERT technologyfeaturing multiple injections per cycle and inlet valve actuationcontrol. It features a 2004 US EPA emissions configurationwith electronic control of fuel metering, fuel injection timingand inlet
43、 valve actuation timing. Critical parts that can affectpiston deposit formation are specified for oil test engine use.See Annex A3 for source of the test engine and critical andnon-critical parts.6.1.2 Oil Heat Exchanger and Oil Heat SystemReplacethe standard Caterpillar oil heat exchanger core with
44、 a stainlesssteal core, Caterpillar P/N 1Y-4026. Additionally install aremotely mounted heat exchanger. Control the oil temperaturewith a dedicated cooling loop and control system which isseparate from the engine coolant (see Annex A12). Ensure thatthe oil cooler bypass valve is blocked closed.6.1.3
45、 Oil Pan ModificationModify the oil pan as shown inA4.1.6.1.4 Engine Control Module (ECM)The ECM definesthe desired engine fuel timing and quantity. It also limitsmaximum engine speed and power. Caterpillar electronicgovernors are designed to maintain a speed indicated by thethrottle position signal
46、. Speed variation drives fuel demand(rack). Rack and engine speed are input to the injectionduration and timing maps to determine duration and timingcommands for the fuel injectors. Obtain special oil test enginecontrol software (module P/N 250-6675-03) for correct maps.Contact the Caterpillar oil t
47、est representative through TMC forinstallation of this software. Use the Caterpillar engine techni-cian (ET) service software package, version 2004B or later,6tomonitor engine parameters, flash software, and to changepower and injector trim values. Use the full dealer versionpurchased from a Caterpi
48、llar dealer with a yearly subscription.6.1.5 Crankshaft Position SensorSense the crankshaftposition using a primary sensor at the crankshaft gear and assecondary sensor at the camshaft gear. The secondary sensorprovides position information during cranking and in the eventof a primary sensor positio
49、n failure. Calibrate the enginecontrol software before starting the timed test operation.6.1.6 Air CompressorDo not use the engine-mounted aircompressor for this test method. Remove the air compressorand install a block-off plate kit in its place (P/N 227-2574 covergroup and P/N 223-3873, plug group) (Fig. A4.5 or equiva-lent).6Trademark of Caterpillar Inc., 100 North East Adams St., Peoria, IL 61629.D75490936.1.6.1 Modify the turbocharger waste-gate for manualcontrol by replacing the supplied pressure control with amanual linkage. Se
