1、Designation: D7549 16Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High OutputConditionsCaterpillar C13 Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test procedure d
3、escribedin this test method. The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides calibration and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained byothe
4、r laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilizes the TMC servicesin seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army has such arequirement in some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly, this test method is written for thoselabor
5、atories that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services shouldignore those portions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information letters2issued periodicallyby the TMC may modify this test method. In addition the TMC may issue supplementary memorandarelated to t
6、he test method.1. Scope*1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test proce-dure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oilperformance with regard to piston deposit formation, pistonring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustionenvironment designed to minimize exhaust emiss
7、ions. This testmethod is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.31.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionsWhere there are no SI equivalent such asscrew threads, National
8、Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limi
9、tations prior to use. See Annex A1 forgeneral safety precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point
10、of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dyn
11、amic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
12、Oils1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallypublished in 2009. Last pre
13、vious edition approved in 2015 as D7549 15a. DOI:10.1520/D7549-16.2The ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method bymeans of Information Letters. This edition includes all information letters throughNo. 152. Information Letters may be obtained by from the ASTM Test Monitorin
14、gCenter, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489, Attention: Administrator.3Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, PO Box 610,Mossville, IL 61552-0610.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
15、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D976 Test
16、Method for Calculated Cetane Index of DistillateFuelsD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate FuelOil (Accelerated Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavel
17、ength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digit
18、al Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric Hydrochloric Acid Titrati
19、onD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D5186 Test Method for Determination of the AromaticContent and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of DieselFuels and Aviation Turbine Fuel
20、s By Supercritical FluidChromatographyD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD6078 Test Method for Eva
21、luating Lubricity of Diesel Fuelsby the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evalua-tor (SLBOCLE)D6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1PTest ProcedureD6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel En-gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust
22、 Gas Recirculation DieselEngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Other ASTM Document:ASTM Deposit Rating Manual 20 (formerly CRC Manual20)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blind
23、 reference oil, na reference oil, the identity ofwhich is unknown by the test facility.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is a coded reference oil that issubmitted by a source independent of the test facility. D41753.1.2 blowby, nin internal combustion engines, the com-bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel
24、 mixture that enterthe crankcase. D41753.1.3 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output of ameasuring device with respect to that of a standard. D41753.1.4 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engineoperation, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are c
25、lose to the potential maximums.D41753.1.5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at orclose to its peak output.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically in-stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, andc
26、onstruction equipment. D41753.1.6 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a reference oil,such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candidateoil. D41753.1.7 non-standard test, na test that is not conducted inconformance with the requirements in the standard testmethod, such running on an unc
27、alibrated test stand, usingdifferent test equipment, applying different equipment assem-bly procedures, or using modified operating conditions. D41753.1.8 reference oil, nan oil of known performancecharacteristics, used as a basis for comparison.3.1.8.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibrate
28、testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, orto evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact withoils. D41753.1.9 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablished procedure.3.1.9.1 DiscussionIt can be any oil selected by the labo-ratory conducting the test. It
29、 could be an experimental productor a commercially available oil. Often, it is an oil that is acandidate for approval against engine oil specifications (suchas manufacturers or military specifications, and so forth).D41753.1.10 wear, nthe loss of material from a surface, gener-ally occurring between
30、 two surfaces in relative motion, andresulting from mechanical or chemical action or a combinationof both.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 overhead, nin internal combustion engines, thecomponents of the valve train located in or above the cylinderhead.3.2.2 tote, na container
31、, smaller in capacity than a gallon.3.2.3 valve train, nin internal combustion engines, theseries of components, such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms,push rods and camshaft that open and close the intake andexhaust valves.3.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms:3.3.1 ACERTAdvanced Combustion Emission Redu
32、ctionTechnology5For Stock #TMCMNL20, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM International Customer Service at serviceastm.org.D7549 1623.3.2 ATGCaverage top groove carbon3.3.3 ATGCOaverage top groove carbon offset3.3.4 CARBCalifornia Air Resources Board3.3.5 CATacronym for Caterpillar3
33、.3.6 CRCCoordinating Research Council3.3.7 DACAData Acquisition and Control Automation3.3.8 ECMengine control module3.3.9 EOTend of test3.3.10 HCheavy carbon3.3.11 IMPintake manifold pressure3.3.12 LClight carbon3.3.13 LTMSLubricant Test Monitoring System3.3.14 MCmedium carbon3.3.15 NPTNational Pipe
34、 Thread3.3.16 OCoil consumption3.3.17 P/Npart number3.3.18 QIquality index3.3.19 RPTGCreference relative top groove carbon pro-file3.3.20 SDTGCOstandard deviation top groove carbonoutlier3.3.21 TGCtop groove carbon3.3.22 ULSDultra low sulfur diesel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a
35、 Caterpillar production C13diesel engine (see Annex A3 for ordering information and listof engine build parts). Test operation includes a 60 min enginewarm-up and break-in, followed by a 4 h cool down and valvelash adjustment. After the valve lash adjustment and any otherneeded adjustments, a 500 h
36、test is begun. The engine isoperated under steady-state, rated-power conditions known togenerate excessive piston deposits or oil consumption or bothin field service. Report the total engine oil consumption as thesum of the measured volumes in 50 h increments.4.2 Equip the test stand with the approp
37、riate instrumentationto control engine speed, fuel flow, and other operating param-eters.4.3 Determine the engine oil performance by assessingpiston deposits and ring sticking, and oil consumption.4.3.1 Prior to each test, clean and assemble the engine withnew cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings,
38、 bearings and certainvalve train components. All aspects of the assembly arespecified. After the test, dismantle the engine and examine andrate the parts.4.3.2 A sample of engine oil is removed and an oil additionis made at the end of each 50 h period. The volume of the oiladdition is the sum of the
39、 volume of sample plus the volume ofoil consumed by the engine.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engineoil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenanceof oil consumption under heavy-duty operating conditionsselected to accelerate deposit formati
40、on in a turbocharged,intercooled four-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with acombustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaustgas emissions.5.2 The results from this test method may be comparedagainst specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.5.3 The design of the test engine
41、 used in this test method isrepresentative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor,along with the accelerated operating conditions, needs to beconsidered when comparing test results against specificationrequirements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine Configuration:6.1.1 Test EngineThe test engine
42、 is a production 2004Caterpillar 320 kW C13 engine, designed for heavy dutyon-highway truck use. It is an electronically controlled,turbocharged, after-cooled, direct injected, six cylinder dieselengine with an in-block camshaft and a four-valve per cylinderarrangement. The engine uses CaterpillarsA
43、CERT technologyfeaturing multiple injections per cycle and inlet valve actuationcontrol. It features a 2004 US EPA emissions configurationwith electronic control of fuel metering, fuel injection timingand inlet valve actuation timing. Critical parts that can affectpiston deposit formation are specif
44、ied for oil test engine use.See Annex A3 for source of the test engine and critical andnon-critical parts.6.1.2 Oil Heat Exchanger and Oil Heat SystemReplacethe standard Caterpillar oil heat exchanger core with a stainlesssteal core, Caterpillar P/N 1Y-4026. Additionally install aremotely mounted he
45、at exchanger. Control the oil temperaturewith a dedicated cooling loop and control system which isseparate from the engine coolant (see Annex A12). Ensure thatthe oil cooler bypass valve is blocked closed.6.1.3 Oil Pan ModificationModify the oil pan as shown inA4.1.6.1.4 Engine Control Module (ECM)T
46、he ECM defines thedesired engine fuel timing and quantity. It also limits maximumengine speed and power. Caterpillar electronic governors aredesigned to maintain a speed indicated by the throttle positionsignal. Speed variation drives fuel demand (rack). Rack andengine speed are input to the injecti
47、on duration and timingmaps to determine duration and timing commands for the fuelinjectors. Obtain special oil test engine control software(module P/N 250-6775) for correct maps. Contact the Cater-pillar oil test representative through TMC for installation ofthis software. Use the Caterpillar engine
48、 technician (ET)service software package, version 2004B or later,6to monitorengine parameters, flash software, and to change power andinjector trim values. Use the full dealer version purchased froma Caterpillar dealer with a yearly subscription.6.1.5 Crankshaft Position SensorSense the crankshaftpo
49、sition using a primary sensor at the crankshaft gear and assecondary sensor at the camshaft gear. The secondary sensor6Trademark of Caterpillar Inc., 100 North East Adams St., Peoria, IL 61629.D7549 163provides position information during cranking and in the eventof a primary sensor position failure. Calibrate the enginecontrol software before starting the timed test operation.6.1.6 Air CompressorDo not use the engine-mounted aircompressor for this test method. Remove the air compressorand install a block-off plate kit in its pla
